Textbook on Water Chemistry: Sampling, Data Analysis and Interpretation

Name: Textbook on Water Chemistry: Sampling, Data Analysis and Interpretation
Brand: Nova Science Publishers Inc
Price: 110.99 EUR
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G. S. Reddy A(Autor*in)

Nova Science Publishers Inc

Erschienen am 9. Januar 2020

570 Seiten

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978-1-5361-6704-7 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1
Introduction to Water Chemistry
1.1. Water Chemistry
1.1.1. Broad Classification of Water
1.1.2. Water Chemistry Studies
1.1.3. Water Chemistry Studies in Surface Water
1.1.4. Water Chemistry Studies in Groundwater
1.1.5. Different Types of Water Chemistry Study
1.1.6. Professional Involved In Water Chemistry Study
1.1.7. Organizations Involved in Water Chemistry Studies
1.2. Hydrogeochemistry
1.3. Water Quality Assessment and Hydrogochemical Study
1.4. Different Types of Water Chemistry Study
1.4.1. Monitoring of Water Chemistry
1.4.2. Surveillance of Water Chemistry
1.4.3. Part of Hydrological or Hydrogeological Study
1.4.4. Detail Hydrogeochemical Study
1.4.5. Water Contamination Study
1.4.6. Advanced Hydrogeochemical Study
1.4.7. Inter-Discipline Study
1.5. Steps Involved in the Hydrogeochemical Study
1.5.1. Identification of the Area
1.5.2. Collection of Literature and Data
1.5.3. Sampling Procedures
1.5.4. Water Analysis
1.5.5. Data Organization and Analysis
1.5.6. Interpretation
1.5.7. Presentation
1.5.8. Report
1.6. Sum-Up
1.7. Questions Bank
Chapter 2
Structure of H2O
2.1. Chemical Name of the Water
2.2. Structure of H2O
2.3. Unique Features of Water
2.3.1. Electronegativity
2.4. Hydrogeochemical Cycle
2.5. Groundwater Chemistry
2.6. A Qualitative Study of Groundwater
2.7. Sum-Up
2.8. Questions Bank
References
Chapter 3
Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water
3.1. Physical Characteristics
3.1.1. Temperature
3.1.2. Turbidity
3.1.3. Colour, Taste, and Odor
3.2. Bacterial and Microscopic Organisms
3.2.1. Coli Form Bacteria
3.2.2. Giardia
3.2.3. Cryptosporidium
3.2.4. Hepatitis A
3.2.5. Helminths
3.3. For Sewage and Other Pollution-Related Studies BOD, COD, and DO Are Analyzed
3.3.1. BOD
3.3.2. COD
3.3.3. DO
3.4. Chemical Constituents of Water
3.4.1. pH (Hydrogen Ion Activity)
3.4.2. Electrical Conductivity (EC)
3.4.3. TDS
3.4.4. Salinity
3.4.5. Hardness
3.4.6. Alkalinity
3.4.7. Base Neutralizing Capacity
3.4.8. Inorganic Chemical Constituents of Groundwater
3.4.8.1. Cations
3.4.8.1.1. Calcium (Ca) Is the Fifth Most Abundant Natural Element
3.4.8.1.2. Magnesium (Mg) Is the Eighth Abundant Natural Element
3.4.8.1.3. Sodium (Na) Is the Sixth Most Abundant Element on Earth and Is Widely Distributed in Soils, Plants, Water, and Foods
3.4.8.1.4. Potassium (K) Is an Element Commonly Found in Soils and Few Minerals of Rocks (Orthoclase)
3.4.8.1.5. Iron (Fe) Dissolved in Groundwater Is in the Reduced Iron II Form
3.4.9. Anions
3.4.9.1. Carbonate (CO3) and Bicarbonate (HCO3)
3.4.9.2. Sulfate (SO4)
3.4.9.3. Chloride (Cl)
3.4.9.4. Nitrate (NO3)
3.4.9.5. Fluoride (F)
3.5. Trace Elements/Metals
3.5.1. Chromium (Cr)
a. Anthropogenic Sources
b. Natural Sources
c. Transport Characteristics
3.5.2. Strontium (Sr)
3.5.3. Lead (Pb)
3.5.4. Mercury
3.5.5. Zinc
3.5.6. Aluminum
3.6. Radioactive Elements
3.7. Sum-Up
3.8. Questions Bank
References
Websites
Chapter 4
Water Sampling Methods
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Objective and Design of Water Sampling
4.2.1. Objectives of Sampling
4.2.2. Design of Sampling
4.2.3. Monitoring
4.2.4. Surveillance
4.2.5. Survey
4.2.6. Network Design of Sampling
4.2.7. Baseline Station
4.2.8. Surveillance or Trend-Cum Surveillance Stations
4.2.9. Frequency and Parameters to Be Tested
4.3. Sampling Protocols
4.3.1. Prerequisite Preparations for Sample Collection
4.3.2. Frequency and Interval of Sampling
4.3.3. Sampling Cycle
4.3.4. Sample Density
4.3.5. Representative Sampling
4.4. Sample Containers
4.5. Labelling of Sample Container
4.6. Sample Source (Site) Information
4.7. Spot Analysis
4.8. Sample Collection Equipment
4.8.1. Bailers
4.9. Sampling Procedures
4.9.1. Sampling Points
4.9.2. Purging
4.9.3. No-Purge Sampling
4.10. Types of Sample
4.10.1. General Sample
4.10.2. Grab Sample
4.10.3. Composite Sample
4.10.4. Depth Specific Sample
4.11. Sample Preservation
4.12. Sample Transportation
4.13. Sample Storage in Laboratory
4.14. Sum-Up
4.15. Questions Bank
References
Chapter 5
Chemical Analysis of Water
5.1. Commonly Analyzed Parameters, Methods, and Instrument
5.2. Details Methods of Determination of Select Parameters
5.2.1. Ammonia (NH3)
5.2.2. Boron (B)
5.2.3. Bromide (Br-)
5.2.4. Chlorine (Residual)
5.2.5. Chloride (Cl-)
5.2.6. Electrical Conductivity (EC)
5.2.7. Fluorine (F-)
5.2.8. pH
5.2.8.1. Electrometric Method
5.2.9. Nitrogen (N)
5.2.9.1. Nitrate (NO3-)
5.2.9.2. Nitrogen (Organic) Norg
5.2.9.3. Oxygen (Dissolved)
5.2.9.4. Ozone (Residual) Indigo Colorimetric Method
5.2.10. Phosphorus (PO43-)
5.2.10.1. Digestion Methods
5.2.10.2. Colorimetric Method
5.2.10.3. Automated Ascorbic Acid Reduction Method
5.2.11. Silica (SiO2)
5.2.12. Sulfate (Sulphate - SO42-)
5.2.13. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
5.2.13.1. Laboratory Method
5.2.13.2. Estimation Methods
A. Empirical Factor Method
B. Summation Method
5.2.14. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
5.2.15. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
5.2.16. Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
5.2.17. Phenols
5.2.18. Semi-Volatile Compounds
5.2.19. Carbamate Pesticides
5.2.20. Acidic Herbicide Compounds
5.2.21. Glyphosate Herbicide
5.2.22. Quality Assurance/Quality Control
5.3. Units of Water Quality Parameters
5.3.1. Parts Per Million
5.3.2. Equivalent Weight
5.3.3. Conversion
5.3.4. Precession of Analysis
5.4. Water Chemistry Data Validation
5.4.1. Collected Data
5.4.2. Analyzed Results
5.5. Examples
5.5.1. Ion Charge Balance
5.5.2. Data Validation
5.6. Sum-Up
5.7. Questions Bank
5.8. Exercise
References
Websites
Chapter 6
Organization of Water Chemistry Data
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Grouping of Numerical Data
6.2.1. Steps in Preparation of Tables
6.3. Graphical Presentation of Water Chemistry Data
6.3.1. Isopleths Maps
6.3.2. Graphs
6.4. Sum-Up
6.5. Questions Bank
6.6. Exercise
Reference
Chapter 7
Graphical Presentation of Water Chemistry Data
7.1. Binary Plots
7.2. Frequency Distribution Plots
7.3. Pie Diagram
7.4. Histogram Plots
7.5. Stiff Diagram
7.6. Cross Plots
Method 1
Method 2
7.7. Ternary Plot
Method
7.8. Sum-Up
7.9. Questions Bank
7.10. Exercise
References
Website
Chapter 8
Assessment of Water for Drinking Purposes
8.1. Assessment of Water for Different Purposes
8.2. Water for Drinking Purposes
8.3. Drinking-Water Standard
8.4. Quality Testing of Drinking Water
8.5. Commonly Found Pathogens
8.6. Inorganic Constituents in Water
8.7. Indian Drinking Water Standards
8.8. Role of Professionals
8.9. Essential Tasks of Hydrogeologist or Chemist
8.10. Sum-Up
8.11. Example
8.12. Questions Bank
8.13. Exercise
References
Chapter 9
Assessment of Water for Irrigation
9.1. Groundwater for Irrigation
9.2. Salinity
9.2.1. EC
9.2.2. TDS
9.2.3. Chlorinity
9.3. Sodicity
9.3.1. Soluble Sodium Percentage
9.3.2. Sodium Absorption Ratio
9.3.3. Percent Sodium
9.3.4. Residual Sodium Carbonate
9.3.5. Kelley's Index
9.3.6. Magnesium Ratio
9.3.7. Permeability Index
9.4. Specific Ions/Parameters Effect on Irrigation
9.4.1. Boron Hazard
9.4.2. Potassium
9.4.3. Chloride
9.4.4. Nitrogen
9.4.5. pH and Alkalinity
9.5. Management Techniques
9.5.1. Salinity Management
9.5.2. Sodicity Management Techniques
9.6. Tasks of a Hydrogeologist
9.7. Sum-Up
9.8. Example
9.9. Questions Bank
9.10. Exercise
References
Chapter 10
Assessment of Water for Domestic Purposes
10.1. Domestic Suitability
10.2. pH
10.3. Total Hardness
10.3.1. Temporary Hardness
10.3.2. Permanent Hardness
10.4. Preventive Measures
10.5. Essential Tasks of Hydrogeologist or Chemist
10.6. Sum-Up
10.7. Example
10.8. Questions Bank
10.9. Exercise
References
Chapter 11
Assessment of Water for Industrial Purposes
11.1. Industrial Suitability
11.2. Corrosivity Ratio
11.3. Larson Index
11.4. Scaling Indices
11.5. Langelier Saturation Index (LSI)
11.6. Ryznar Stability Index
11.7. Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI)
11.8. Role of Water Chemist/Hydrogeochemist
11.9. Sum-Up
11.10. Examples
11.11. Questions Bank
11.12. Exercise
References
Websites
Chapter 12
Variations in Water Chemistry
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Monitoring Methods
12.3. Temporal Variations
12.3.1. Seasonal Variations
12.3.1.1. Example-1
12.3.2. Variations between Two Sampling Episodes
12.3.2.1. Example-2
12.3.2.2. Example-3
12.3.3. Long-Term Temporal Variations
12.3.3.1. Example-4
12.3.3.2. Example-5
12.4. Spatial Variations in Water Chemistry
12.4.1. Point Data Maps
12.4.2. Isopleths Maps
12.5. Depth-Wise Variation in Water Quality
12.5.1. Surface Water
12.5.1.1. Example-6
12.5.2. Groundwater
12.5.2.1. Sampling Sources
12.5.2.2. Variations in Groundwater Chemistry
12.5.2.3. Example-7
12.5.2.4. Example-8
12.5.2.5. Example-9
12.6. Land-Use Based Water Chemistry Variations
12.6.1. Agriculture Activity
12.6.1.1. Example-10
12.6.2. Canal Command Area
12.6.2.1. Example-11
12.6.2.2. Example-12
12.6.2.2.1. Salt Accumulation in Edku Drain, Egypt
12.6.2.3. Example-13
12.6.3. Domestic Environment
12.6.3.1. Urban Land Use
12.6.3.2. Rural Area
12.6.4. Industrial Land Use
12.7. Sum-Up
12.8. Questions Bank
12.9. Exercise
References
Websites
Chapter 13
Hydrogeochemistry
13.1. Geochemistry: The Source of Ions to Aquatic Media
13.1.1. Silicates
13.1.2. Clay Minerals
13.1.3. Carbonates
13.1.4. Evaporites
13.1.5. Phosphates
13.2. Hydrogeochemical Processes
13.2.1. Different Hydrogeochemical Processes
13.3. Hydrogeological Cycle
13.3.1. Rainwater to Seawater
13.4. Hydrogeochemical Environments
13.4.1. Different Hydrogeochemical Environs
13.4.2. Weathering and Dissolution
13.4.3. Evaporation
13.4.4. Selective Uptake of Ions by Vegetation
13.4.5. The Decay of Organic Materials
13.4.6. Ion Exchange
13.4.7. Mixing of Different Water Qualities
13.4.8. Contribution by Man
13.5. Interpretation of Water Chemistry Data
13.5.1. Silicate Weathering
13.5.2. Carbonate Dissolution
13.5.3. Ion Exchange
13.5.4. Evaporation
13.5.5. Summary of Indices and Ratios
13.6. Thermodynamics
13.6.1. Saturation Index
13.6.2. Chemical Equilibrium/Solubility Product
13.6.3. Activity
13.6.4. Ionic Strength
13.7. Isotopes
13.7.1. Environmental Isotopes
13.7.2. Stable Isotopes
13.7.3. Radio-Isotopes
13.7.4. Groundwater Dating
13.7.5. Application of Isotopes in Hydrogeochemistry
13.8. Sum-Up
13.9. Questions Bank
References
Websites
Chapter 14
Interpretation of Water Chemistry Data
14.1. Ionic Strength
14.1.1. Ion Dominance Pattern
14.2. Types of Water
14.2.1. Water Facies
14.2.2. Hydrochemical Facies
14.2.3. Trilinear Diagrams
14.2.4. Modified Piper Diagram
14.3. Application of Plots/Graphs/Indices in Data Interpretation
14.3.1. Schoeller Scheme
14.3.2. Durov Plot
14.4. Classification of Groundwater
14.4.1. Normal Chlorite Type
14.4.2. Normal Sulfate Category
14.4.3. Base-Exchange Indices
14.4.3.1. Na+ - HCO3- Type
14.4.3.2. Na+ - SO42- Type
14.4.4. Meteoric Percolation Type
14.4.4.1. Shallow Meteoric Percolation Type
14.4.4.2. Deep Meteoric Percolation Type
14.5. Identification of Ion Source
14.5.1. Gibbs Plots
14.5.2. Langelier and Ludwing Diagram (Modified)
14.6. Relation of Constituent Ions to Hydrological Properties
14.7. Inter-Relationship among Chemical Constituents
14.7.1. Binary Plots
14.7.2. Ternary Plot
14.8. Sum-Up
14.9. Questions Bank
14.10. Exercise
References
Website
Chapter 15
Application of Statistics in the Interpretation of Water Chemistry Data
15.1. Application of Statistics
15.2. Population and Sample
15.2.1. A Population Is a Collection of All Distinct Individuals or Objects or Items under Study
15.2.2. A Sample Is a Part of a Population
15.3. Basic Statistical Tools
15.3.1. Mean (x¯)
15.3.2. Median
15.3.3. Mode
15.3.4. Range
15.3.5. Interquartile Range
15.3.5.1. Interpretation
15.4. Advanced Statistics
15.4.1. Variance
15.4.1.1. Interpretation
15.4.2. Standard Deviation s(Population)
s(Sample)
15.4.3. Covariance[sxyors(X, Y)]
15.4.3.1. Interpretation
15.4.3.2. Problems with Interpretation
15.4.4. Coefficient of Variation (CV) Is a Measure of Relative Variability
15.4.4.1. Calculation of Coefficient of Variation by Manual Method
15.4.4.2. Interpretation
15.4.4.3. Coefficient of Variation in MS Excel
15.4.5. Correlation Coefficient
15.4.5.1. Pearson Correlation Coefficient
15.4.5.2. Calculation of Pearson Correlation Coefficient by Hand
15.4.5.3. Correlation Coefficient Using MS Excel
15.4.5.4. Advantages of the Correlation Coefficient
15.4.6. Correlation Matrix
15.4.6.1. Interpretation
15.4.7. Coefficient of Determination (R Squared)
15.4.7.1. Finding R Squared/the Coefficient of Determination
15.4.7.1.1. Manual Method
15.4.7.2. Interpretation
15.4.8. The T-Test (Student's T-Test)
15.4.9. Definition
15.4.10. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
15.4.11. Factor Analysis
15.5. Sum-Up
15.6. Questions Bank
15.7. Exercises
15.7.1. Tasks
Reference
Websites
Chapter 16
Multivariate Statistical Techniques
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Classification of the Data Using Software Cluster 3
16.2.1. Loading, Filtering, and Adjusting Data
16.2.2. Loading Data
16.2.3. Filtering Data
16.2.4. Adjusting Data
16.2.5. Log Transformation
16.2.6. Mean/Median Cantering
16.2.7. Normalization
16.3. Distance/Similarity Measures
16.3.1. Euclidean Distance
16.4. Clustering Techniques
16.4.1. Hierarchical Clustering
16.4.2. Centroid Linkage Clustering
16.4.3. Weighting
16.4.4. Ordering of Output File
16.4.5. Tree View
16.5. The K-Means Clustering Algorithm
16.6. Principal Component Analysis
16.7. Means Clustering
16.8. Sum-Up
16.9. Questions Bank
References
Chapter 17
Water Contamination
17.1. Contamination and Pollution
17.2. Water Pollution
17.2.1. Surface Water Contamination
17.2.2. Groundwater Contamination
17.3. Pollutants
17.3.1. Heavy Metals
17.3.2. Organic Compounds
17.3.3. Acid Deposition
17.3.4. Nutrients
17.3.5. Thermal Pollution
17.3.6. Pathogens
17.3.7. Oxygen-demanding Wastes
17.3.8. Salt Water
17.4. Types of Contamination
17.4.1. Geogenic
17.4.2. Anthropogenic
17.5. Sources of Contamination
17.6. Transport Processes
17.7. Application of Numerical Models in Contaminant Transport
17.7.1. Equation, Components Involved and Popular Software
17.7.2. Software: 3D Groundwater Modeling Using Visual MODFLOW
17.8. Causes of Water Pollution
17.8.1. Sewage
17.8.2. Nutrients
17.8.3. Wastewater
17.8.4. Chemical Waste
17.8.5. Heavy Metals
17.8.5.1. Metals in Groundwater
17.8.5.2. Heavy Metals
17.8.5.3. Exposure Pathways
17.8.6. Radioactive Waste
17.8.7. Oil Pollution
17.9. Effects of Water Pollution
17.10. Prevention of Water Pollution
17.10.1. Education
17.10.2. Laws
17.10.3. Economics
17.10.4. Role of Professional in Prevention
17.11. Remediation
17.12. Water Salinity
17.12.1. Inland Salinity
17.12.2. Coastal Salinity
17.13. Method of Study in a Contaminated Hydrogeological Unit
17.14. Comprehensive Information on Contamination
17.15. Sum-Up
17.16. Example
17.17. Questions Bank
17.18. Exercise
References
Chapter 18
Common Contaminants
18.1. Microorganisms
18.1.1. Introduction
18.1.1.1. Drinking Water Standard for Bacteria of Different Organizations
18.1.2. Waterborne Diseases
18.1.3. Pathogens in Water
18.1.4. Pathogens in Groundwater
18.1.5. Water-Based Microbial Group
18.1.6. Water-Borne Diseases
18.1.7. Indicator Organism
18.1.8. Testing Method
18.1.9. Treatment
18.1.10. Disinfectants
18.1.11. Periodic Filter Cleaning and Maintenance
18.1.12. Prevention
18.1.13. Example
18.2. Arsenic
18.2.1. Introduction
18.2.2. Drinking Water Standard For As
18.2.3. Sources of Arsenic in the Environment
18.2.3.1. Natural Sources
18.2.3.2. Arsenic in Natural Soils
18.2.3.3. Arsenic in Sediments
18.2.4. Mobilization of Arsenic
18.2.5. Effect on Human Health
18.2.6. Treatment Methods
18.2.7. Examples
18.3. Fluoride
18.3.1. Introduction
18.3.2. Drinking Water Standard for F-
18.3.3. Distribution of Fluoride World-Wise
18.3.4. The Occurrence of Fluoride in a Different Environment
18.3.4.1. The Occurrence of Fluoride in Rocks and Groundwater
18.3.4.2. The Occurrence of High Fluoride in Different Food Items
18.3.5. Rock-Water Interaction and Enrichment of Fluoride in Groundwater
18.3.6. Tectonic Control of the Occurrence of Fluoride
18.3.7. Contribution of Fluoride from Industry
18.3.8. Impact on Human Health
18.3.9. Impact on Animals
18.3.10. Remedial Measures
18.3.11. Examples
18.4. Nitrate Contamination
18.4.1. Introduction
18.4.2. Chemistry of Nitrogen and Denitrification
18.4.3. Laboratory Methods to Determine Nitrate Content in Water
18.4.4. Nitrogen Isotope Analysis
18.4.5. Units
18.4.6. Drinking Water Standards for Nitrate
18.4.7. Nitrogen Cycle
18.4.8. Sources of Nitrate Contamination
18.4.8.1. Point-Source (Domestic and Sewerage Sources)
18.4.8.2. Non-Point-Sources (Agriculture and Fertilizer Sources)
18.4.8.3. Natural Sources
18.4.9. Effects on Health
18.4.10. Methods of Nitrate Reduction from Water
18.4.10.1. Demineralization
18.4.10.2. Biodegradation
18.4.10.3. Other Emerging Methods
18.4.11. Management Techniques
18.4.12. Prevention
18.4.13. Examples
18.5. Iron in Groundwater
18.5.1. Introduction
18.5.2. Drinking Water Specifications for Iron
18.5.3. Identity
18.5.4. Organoleptic Properties
18.5.5. Environmental Fate
18.5.6. Analytical Methods
18.5.7. Scope for Human Exposure
18.5.8. Kinetics and Metabolism in Humans
18.5.9. Effects on Humans
18.5.10. Remediation
18.5.11. Iron Bacteria
18.5.12. Examples
18.6. Phosphate
18.6.1. Introduction
18.6.2. Sources
18.6.3. Applications
18.6.4. Contamination Sources
18.6.5. Effects
18.6.6. Drinking Water/Eutrophication Specifications
18.6.7. Sampling and Analysis
18.6.8. Examples
18.7. Hexavalent Chromium
18.7.1. Introduction
18.7.2. Drinking Water Standards
18.7.3. Analytical Information
18.7.4. Anthropogenic Sources
18.7.5. Natural Sources
18.7.6. Transport Characteristics
18.7.7. Remediation and Treatment Technology
18.7.7.1. In-Situ Treatment
18.7.8. Above-Ground Treatment
18.7.9. Natural Attenuation
18.7.10. Health Effects
18.7.11. Examples
18.7.11.1. Sukinda Valley and Kaliapani Mines
18.7.11.2. Kanpur City in Uttar Pradesh
18.8. Prevention and Remedial Techniques
18.8.1. Introduction
18.8.2. Participation of Industries
18.8.3. Participation of Community
18.8.4. Groundwater Remediation
18.8.5. Ex-Situ Technology
18.8.6. In-Situ Remediation Technology
18.8.7. In-Situ Bioremediation
18.9. Sum-Up
18.10. Questions Bank
References
Websites
Chapter 19
Water Pollution from Agriculture
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Causes
19.3. Agriculture Contaminants
19.3.1. Nutrients
19.3.2. Pesticides
19.3.3. Salts
19.3.4. Sediments
19.3.5. Organic Matter
19.3.6. Pathogens
19.3.7. Emerging Pollutants
19.4. Effects
19.4.1. Direct Effects on Water Due to Intensive Agriculture Activity Include
19.4.2. Indirect Effects Include
19.5. Solutions
19.6. Management
19.6.1. Monitoring
19.6.2. Modeling
19.7. Responses
19.7.1. Policy-Based or Statutory Responses
19.7.2. On-Farm Responses
19.7.3. Off-Farm Responses
19.8. Sum-Up
19.9. Examples
19.10. Questions Bank
References
Website
Chapter 20
Water Chemistry Report
20.1. Project on Water Chemistry Study
20.1.1. Broad Steps for Executing a Project Work on Water Chemistry Study
20.2. Introduction to Data Reporting and Presentation
20.3. Guidelines on Preparation of Water Quality Chapter/Brief Report
20.3.1. Introduction
20.3.2. General Range of Chemical Parameters in the Area
20.3.3. Seasonal Variations in Water Chemistry (If Information Is Available)
20.3.4. Quality Variation in Different Geological Terrains (If Information Is Available)
20.3.5. Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking Purposes
20.3.6. Suitability of Groundwater for Irrigation Purposes
20.3.7. Water Facies
20.3.8. Conclusions and Recommendations
20.3.9. Figure (Likely to Be Included)
20.3.10. Tables (Likely to Be Included)
20.4. Guidelines on Preparation of Detail Water Chemistry Report
20.5. Guidelines on Preparation for Presentation (PPT) on Water Chemistry Report
20.5.1. Tips for the Presentation of Water Chemistry Work
20.6. Guidelines on Preparation of a Research Paper on Water Chemistry
20.6.1. Suggestions for Publication of Water Chemistry-Related Works
20.6.2. Clues to Elicit Information and Draw Inferences from Data
20.7. Sum-Up
20.7.1. A Project/Research/Thesis Wok on Water Chemistry Has to Be Planned Perfectly with Full Focus on the Objective
20.7.2. Data Reporting and Presentation
20.7.3. Chapter
20.7.4. Report
20.7.5. Presentation
20.8. Questions Bank
20.9. Exercises
20.9.1. Exercise
20.9.2. Exercise
20.9.3. Exercise
20.9.4. Exercise
Keys and Answers for Questions Bank and Exercises
Chapter 1: Introduction to Hydrogeochemistry
Chapter 2: Structure of H2O
Chapter 3: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water
Chapter 4: Water Sampling Methods
4.15. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
Chapter 5: Chemical Analysis of Water
5.7. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
5.8. Exercise Answers
Chapter 6: Organization of Water Chemistry Data
6.5. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
6.6. Exercise Answers
Chapter 7: Graphical Presentation of Water Chemistry Data
7.9. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
7.10. Exercise Answers
Chapter 8: Assessment of Water Drinking Purposes
8.12. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
8.13. Exercise Answers
Chapter 9: Assessment of Water for Irrigation
9.9. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
9.10. Exercise Answers
Chapter 10: Assessment of Water for Domestic Purposes
10.8. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
10.9. Exercise Answers
Chapter 11: Assessment of Water for Industrial Purposes
11.11. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
11.12. Exercise Answers
Chapter 12: Variations in Water Chemistry
12.8. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
12.9. Exercise Answers
Chapter 13: Hydrogeochemistry
13.9. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
Chapter 14: Interpretation of Water Chemistry Data
14.9. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
14.10. Exercise Answers
Chapter 15: Application of Statistics in the Interpretation of Water Chemistry Data
15.6. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
15.7. Exercise Answers
Chapter 16: Multivariate Statistical Techniques
16.9. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
Chapter 17: Water Contamination
17.17. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
17.18. Exercise Answers
Chapter 18: Common Contaminants
18.10. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
Chapter 19: Water Pollution from Agriculture
19.10. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
Chapter 20: Water Chemistry Report
20.8. Questions Bank - Keys/Answers
20.9. Exercise Answers
20.9.1., 20.9.3. and 20.9.4.
20.9.2.
Annexes
Annexure 1. Conversion Factors
Annexure 2. WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality
Annexure 3. Indian Standard Drinking Water - Specification (Second Revision) IS 10500: 2012
About the Author
Index
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