Introduction: squaring the circle? - trade unions torn between class solidarity and regional and cultural identities in Western Europe; cultural diversity and politics - an introduction. Part 1 Regional and local cutlural diversities: divergent develoments, regional alliances and national solidarity in Belgium; the Italian trade unions and the local challenge; industrial relations in Spain - does regional diversity awaken union tendencies to divergence?; industrial relations and trade unions in economic and social transformation in east Germany. Part 2 Trade unions and the challenge of immigrant worker cultures: trade union policies regarding immigration and immigrant workers in the Netherlands; immigrants as special target - ambiguity of solidaristic action; organized labour and the black worker in England - a critical analysis of post-war trends; the French trade union movement and the struggle against racism in the workplace.