Harderian Glands

The Past, Present and Future of the Harderian Gland.- Comparative Anatomy of the Mammalian Harderian Glands.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Harderian Gland in Individual Mammalian Species.- 3 Macroscopic Anatomy of the Mammalian Harderian Gland.- 3.1 Location and Shape of the Harderian Gland.- 3.2 Duct of the Harderian Gland.- 3.3 Innervation.- 3.4 Orbital Venous Sinus.- 4 Comparative Anatomy of the Harderian Gland.- 4.1 Mammalian Harderian Gland.- 4.2 Harderian Gland in Mammals and Lower Vertebrates.- References.- Harderian Glands and Their Development in Laboratory Rats and Mice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Histological Organization.- 2.1 Secretory Epithelium.- 2.2 Myoepithelial Cells.- 2.3 Interstitial Connective Tissue.- 2.4 Cytology.- 3 Secretory Products.- 3.1 Lipids.- 3.2 Porphyrins.- 3.3 Melatonin.- 3.4 Other products.- 4 Innervations.- 5 Development.- 6 Hormones.- 6.1 Gonadal Steroids.- 6.2 Thyroid Hormones.- 7 Light.- 8 Tumours and Diseases.- 9 Ocular Immune System.- 10 Conclusions.- References.- The Structure of the Harderian Gland of the Golden Hamster.- 1 Introduction.- 2 General Features.- 3 Particular Features.- 3.1 The Epithelial Cells.- 3.1.1 The Epithelial Cells of the Male Gland.- 3.1.2 The Epithelial Cells of the Female Gland.- 3.1.3 Classification of Epithelial Cell Types.- 3.2 The Luminal Contents.- 3.3 Myoepithelial Cells.- 3.4 Interstitial Tissues.- 3.5 The Secretory Duct.- 4 Hormones and the Harderian Gland.- 5 Development of the Hamster Harderian Gland.- 6 Comparisons with Other Species and Overview.- References.- The Mammalian Harderian Gland: Ultrastructure, Sexual Dimorphism, and Its Regulation by Light and Steroids.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Secretory Epithelium.- 2.1 Rabbit.- 2.2 Armadillo.- 2.3 Gerbil.- 2.4 Rat.- 2.5 Mouse.- 2.6 Plains Mouse.- 2.7 Woodmouse.- 2.8Hamster.- 3 Secretory Products.- 3.1 Lipids.- 3.2 Porphyrin.- 4 Myoepithelial Cells.- 5 Innervation.- 6 Secretory Duct.- 7 Sexual Dimorphism.- 7.1 Influence of Light.- 7.2 Regulation by Steroids.- References.- The Harderian Gland of Amphibians and Reptiles.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Embryology.- 2.1 Amphibians.- 2.2 Reptiles.- 3 Gross Anatomy.- 3.1 Amphibians.- 3.2 Reptiles.- 4 Histology and Ultrastructure.- 4.1 Amphibians.- 4.2 Reptiles.- 5 Histochemistry.- 5.1 Amphibians.- 5.2 Reptiles.- 6 Regulation of the Secretory Activity.- 6.1 Exogenous Factors.- 6.2 Endogenous Factors.- 7 Pinealectomy.- 8 Hypophysectomy.- 9 Sex Hormones.- 10 Putative Functions.- 11 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Morphology of the Harderian Gland in the Rabbit. A Short Review.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Gross Anatomy.- 3 Morphology.- 3.1 Light Microscopy.- 3.2 Electron Microscopy.- 3.3 Innervation.- 3.4 Lipid Droplet Section.- 4 Histochemistry-Biochemistry.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- The Function of the Harderian Gland in the Mongolian Gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Release of Harderian Gland Secretions.- 3 Chemical Communication and Harderian Gland Function.- 4 Thermoregulation and Osmoregulation.- 5 The Delicate Balance.- References.- Gonadal Hormones, Structure and Porphyrin Synthesis in the Rodent Harderian Gland.- 1 Sex Differences in Porphyrin Synthesis and Gland Structure.- 2 Hormone Changes, Gland Structure and Porphyrin Synthesis.- 2.1 The Male Hamster Harderian Gland.- 2.2 The Female Hamster Harderian Gland.- 2.3 Interrelation Between Structure and Porphyrin Synthesis.- 2.4 Why Should Hormones Affect the Harderian Gland?.- 2.4.1 Because it is a gland of ectodermal origin.- 2.4.2 Because it synthesises porphyrins.- 2.4.3 Because it is a site of immune response.- 2.4.4 Because it synthesises lipids.- 2.4.5 Because it produces pheromones.- 2.5 How Can We Use This Interrelationship?.- References.- The Harderian Gland in Birds: Histology and Immunology.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Shape of the Avian Harderian Glands.- 3 Secretory Duct.- 4 Histology.- 5 Secretory Mechanism.- 6 Secretory Products.- 7 Plasma Cell and Lymphocytes.- 8 Immune Status of the Fowl Harderian Gland.- 9 Immunoglobulin Production.- 10 Specific Antibody Production.- References.- Porphyrins and Their Possible Significance in Harderian Glands.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Haem Biosynthesis.- 2.1 ALA Synthase (EC 2.3.1.37).- 2.2 ALA Dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24).- 2.3 PBG Deaminase (EC 4.3.1.8) and Uroporphyrinogen 3-Cosynthase (EC 4.2.1.75).- 2.4 Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.37).- 2.5 Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase (EC 1.3.3.3).- 2.6 Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4).- 2.7 Ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1).- 3 Control of Haem Biosynthesis.- 3.1 The Role of ALA Synthase.- 3.2 Glycine.- 3.3 Control in Normal Subjects and in Porphyrins.- 3.4 Measurement of Porphyrins and their Enzymes.- 4 Porphyria.- 5 Porphyrin Synthesis in the Rodent Harderian Gland.- 6 Histological Appearance of Porphyrins in the Harderian Gland.- 6.1 Histological Preparation.- 6.2 Effects of Drugs.- 7 Factors Influencing Porphyrin Synthesis in the Harderian Gland.- 7.1 Species Differences.- 7.2 Age and Strain.- 7.3 Sex Differences.- 7.4 Effects of Temperature and Lighting.- 8 Harderianectomy and Porphyrin Synthesis.- 9 Porphyrins and Cancer Susceptibility.- 10 The Possible Significance of Harderian Gland Porphyrins.- 10.1 Lubrication.- 10.2 Pheromones and Thermoregulation.- 10.3 Phototransduction.- 10.4 Reproductive Function.- References.- Lipids in Harderian Glands and Their Significance.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Chemical Diversity of Lipids.- 2.1 Secretory Lipids.- 2.1.1 Rabbit.- 2.1.2 Guinea Pig.- 2.1.3 Rat.- 2.1.4 Mouse.- 2.1.5 Mouse Tumour.- 2.1.6 Golden Hamster.- 2.1.7 Mongolian Gerbil.- 2.2 Nonsecretory Neutral Lipids.- 2.2.1 Rabbit.- 2.2.2 Guinea Pig.- 2.2.3 Rat.- 2.2.4 Mouse.- 2.2.5 Mouse Tumour.- 2.2.6 Golden Hamster.- 2.2.7 Mongolian Gerbil.- 2.3 Phospholipids.- 2.3.1 Rabbit.- 2.3.2 Guinea Pig.- 2.3.3 Rat.- 2.3.4 Mouse.- 2.3.5 Golden Hamster.- 2.4 Glycolipids.- 2.4.1 Guinea Pig.- 2.4.2 Rat and Mouse.- 3 Enzymes Related to Lipid Synthesis.- 3.1 Fatty Acid Synthase.- 3.2 Enzymes in the Ether-Lipid Synthesis.- 3.2.1 Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Acyltransferase.- 3.2.2 Alkyl-DHAP Synthase.- 3.2.3 Alkylacylglycerol Acyltransferase.- 3.2.4 Alkylglycerol Phosphotransferase.- 3.2.5 Alkylglycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase.- 4 Significance of Lipids in the Harderian Gland.- References.- Harderian Gland Indoles.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Indole Synthesis and Metabolism.- 3 Indoles in the Rodent Harderian Gland.- 3.1 Melatonin.- 3.2 Other Indoles.- 4 Indoles in the Harderian Glands of Nonrodent Species.- 5 Are Harderian Gland Indoles Secreted to Circulation?.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- Harderian Gland Peptides.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Somatostatin.- 3 Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP).- 4 Substance P.- 5 Arginine Vasopressin and Oxytocin.- 6 Neurotensin (NT), Cholecystokinin (CCK), Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Calcitonin-Gene-Related-Peptide (CGRP).- 7 Harderian Gland-Derived Growth Factor (HGDGF).- 8 Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH).- 9 Summary.- References.- Adrenergic Activity in the Male Rat Harderian Gland.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Experimental Procedures.- 2.1 Animals.- 2.2 Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity.- 2.3 Catecholamine Concentration.- 2.4 Chromatographic Conditions.- 2.5 Hormonal Determination.- 2.6 Statistical Analysis.- 3 Experimental Findings.- 4 Commentary and Conclusions.- References.- The Interrelationship Between the Harderian Glands and the Neuroendocrine-Thyroid Axis in Rodents.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Graves Ophthalmopathy and the Harderian Gland.- 3 Effects of the Neuroendocrine-Thyroid Axis on Harderian Glands.- 3.1 Weights, Morphology, Composition.- 3.2 Porphyrins.- 3.3 Indoles.- 4 Response of Harderian Glands to Thyrotropin and Thyroid Hormones.- 5 Effects of Harderian Glands on Thyroid Hormones.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- Type II 5?-Deiodinase in the Harderian Gland.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Characteristics of the Type II 5?-Deiodinase Enzyme.- 3 Photoperiod and Type II 5?-Deiodinase Activity.- References.- The Pineal and the Harderian Glands: Evidence for Mutual Interactions.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Evidence for Harderian Gland Effects on the Pineal Gland.- 3 Evidence for Pineal Gland Effects on the Harderian Glands.- 4 Final Comment.- References.- The Harderian Gland as a Target for Steroid Hormone Action: Role and Characteristics of Intracellular Receptors.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Genomic Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action.- 3 Androgen Receptors.- 4 Progesterone Receptors.- 5 Estrogen Receptors.- 6 Other Hormone Receptors.- 7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Additional References.