MRI of the Brain, Head, Neck and Spine

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Basic principles of MRI.- 2. Technical Considerations.- 2.1 Pulse sequences.- 5. MRI cisternography.- 6. Tissue differentiation, same slice, different techniques, IR, SE, SE with Gd-DTPA.- 7. Tissue differentiation in complex pathology.- 8. 'Anatomical' sequence, short TR, short TE.- 9. Application of 'anatomical' sequence.- 2.2. Artefacts.- 10. Artefacts (1).- 11. Artefacts (2).- 12. Artefacts (3).- 2.3. Functional studies.- 13. Functional studies on MRI systems.- 2.4. Flow related phenomenons.- 14. Signal void in aqueduct.- 15, 16. Flow-void in aqueduct; NPH.- 17. Flow-void in aqueduct; hydrocephalus in infants.- 18. CSF flow obstruction.- 19. Arteriovenous malformation.- 20. Flow phenomena, carotid artery.- 2.5. Surface coils.- 21, 22, 23. Surface coils (1).- 24. Surface coils (2).- 25. Surface coils (3), coronal and oblique images.- 26. Surface coils (4), orbit, oblique sagittal views.- 3. Special Procedures.- 3.1. Sellar and parasellar regions.- 27. Empty sella.- 28, 29. Pituitary adenomas.- 30. Chromophobe adenoma.- 31. Parasellar lesion.- 32. Parasellar lesion.- 3.2. Mesencephalon, region pineal gland.- 33. Pinealoma.- 3.3. Pontocerebellar cisterns.- 34. Coronal T2W, thin section series.- 35. Pontocerebellar cistern: T2W images; MRI cisternography.- 36, 37. Acustic neurinomas.- 38. Acustic neurinoma.- 4. Intracranial Tumours.- 4.1. Diagnostic problems.- 4.2. Cerebral tumours.- 39. Localization; intraventricular meningeoma.- 40. Cyst or solid?.- 41. Oligodendroglioma; large linear calcifications.- 42. Low grade glioma.- 43. Malignant glioma.- 44. Malignant glioma, patchy enhancement.- 45. Multifocal astrocytoma.- 46. Posterior fossa tumour.- 4.3. Extracerebral tumours.- 47. Medulloblastoma.- 48. Suprasellar lesion, craniopharyngeoma.- 49. Parasellar meningeoma.- 4.4. High SI lesions in pons and mesencephalon.- 50. Intrapontine haematoma; glioma.- 51. Intrapontine haemorrhage, dd. dermoid cyst.- 52. Same patient as in 51; follow-up.- 53. Dermoid cyst.- 54. Same patient as in 53; follow-up.- 4.5. Metastases.- 55. Metastases and Gd-DTPA.- 56. Metastasis of adenocarcinoma with haemorrhage.- 57. Tissue characterization; adenocystic carcinoma, metastasis.- 4.6. Gliomatosis cerebri.- 58. Multifocal astrocytoma or gliomatosis cerebri.- 59. Gliomatosis diffusa.- 60. Gliomatosis diffusa.- 61. Gliomatosis diffusa.- 62. Vasculitis simulating gliomatosis diffusa.- 63. Gliomatosis diffusa.- 64. Gliomatosis diffusa; cerebellar involvement.- 65. Gliomatosis diffusa.- 5. Spinal Lesions.- 5.1. Spondylarthrotic and disc related disease.- 66. Spondylarthrotic and disc related disease.- 67. Spondylarthrotic and disc related disease.- 68, 69. Myelopathy due to compression.- 70. Herniated disc L5-S1.- 71. Postoperative lumbar spine.- 5.2. Orthopedic problems.- 72. Orthopedic problems.- 73. Orthopedic problems.- 5.3. Spinal tumours.- 5.3.1. Intramedullary tumours.- 74. Intramedullary tumour, lipoma/dermoid.- 75. Intramedullary tumour.- 76. Cystic tumour, craniovertebral region.- 77. Intramedullary tumour and syrinx.- 78. Intramedullary tumour (metastasis).- 79. Intramedullary tumour and cysts.- 80. Recurrent intramedullary astrocytoma Gd-DTPA.- 81. Intramedullary tumour, ependymoma with calcifications.- 82. Whole cord spinal tumour, astrocytoma, grade 2, recurrence.- 83. Intramedullary tumour, astrocytoma grade 1.- 84. Intradural dermoid cyst and lipoma.- 85. Cystic ependymoma (post-operative).- 86. Intramedullary tumour without and with Gd-DTPA.- 87. Mutiple lesions; intramedullary tumour.- 5.3.2. Vascular malformations.- 88. Intramedullary lesion. Cryptic angioma?.- 89. Intramedullary arteriovenous malformation.- 5.3.3 Extramedullary and extradural lesions.- 90. Meningeoma at the C1 level.- 91. Osteochondroma of posterior arch.- 92. Extradural expanding lesion, Schwannoma.- 93. Post-laminectomy Th 1-2 for metastasis of adenocarcinoma of the breast.- 94. Metastasis of breast carcinoma.- 95. Giant cell tumour in sacrum.- 96. Extramedullary compression. Non Hodgkin lymphoma.- 97. Extradural lesion with cord compression. Osteoporosis of vertebral column.- 5.3.4. Congenital malformations, Myelodysplasia.- 98. Chiari I+, syrinx.- 99. Chiari I and syringomyelia.- 100. Spondylolysis and listhesis.- 101. Tethered cord, lipoma, syrinx.- 102. Tethered cord, intra-extradural lipoma.- 103. Tethered cord, hydronephrosis.- 104. Myelodysplasia; diastematomyelia.- 105. Myelodysplasia; diastematomyelia.- 106. Sacral cyst.- 6. Contrast Agents.- 107. Virus infection.- 108. Metastatic disease.- 109. Metastatic disease.- 110. Low grade astrocytoma.- 111. Glioma, grade 3; postoperative, postradiotherapy.- 112. Glioblastoma multiforme, distinction between tumour/oedema.- 113. Cystic or solid lesion.- 114. Meningeoma of the foramen magnum.- 115. Tentorium meningeoma.- 116. Intramedullary tumour.- 117. Recurrent spinal meningeoma.- 118. Intramedullary tumour.- 119. Intra- or extramedullary lesion with arachnoiditis.- 120. Intramedullary lesion in Wegener's disease.- 121. Same patient as in 120, follow-up after treatment.- 7. Infections.- 7.1. General.- 122. Neurocysticercosis.- 123. Viral encephalitis.- 124. Tuberculoma with partial epileptic seizures.- 125. Tuberculous meningitis.- 126. Postencephalitic changes; herpes simplex encephalitis.- 127. Empyema, infectious sinus thrombosis, infarctions.- 128. Septicaemia, meningoencephalitis.- 129. Transverse myelitis.- 7.2. AIDS encephalopathy.- 130. AIDS related disease.- 131. AIDS dementia-complex; encephalitis.- 132. AIDS encephalopathy.- 133. AIDS encephalopathy.- 134. AIDS encephalitis.- 135. AIDS dementia-complex.- 8. Vascular Lesions.- 8.1. Cerebral infarctions.- 136. Infarction or astrocytoma.- 137. Middle cerebral artery infarction.- 138. Multiple infarctions.- 139. Anterior cerebral artery infarction; lymphoma; haemorrhage.- 140. Anterior cerebral artery infarction; recurrent artery of Heubner infarction.- 141. Old deep middle cerebral artery infarction.- 142, 143. Border zone infarctions.- 144, 145. Border zone infarction; dd. MS.- 146. Border zone infarction.- 147. Old infarction of middle cerebral artery (MCA); recent infarction of the basilar artery territory.- 8.2. Cryptic angiomas.- 148. Cryptic angiomas.- 149. Cryptic angiomas; multiple echoes.- 150, 151. Cryptic angiomas.- 8.3. AVM's, aneurysms, intracerebral haemorrhage.- 152. Arteriovenous malformation.- 153. Basilar artery aneurysm or suprasellar tumour.- 154. Intracerebral haematoma.- 8.4. Deep white matter infarctions, Binswanger's disease, Multi infarct dementia.- 155. Psychiatric syndrome and white matter abnormalities.- 156. Binswanger's disease?.- 157. Multi-infarct dementia.- 158. Binswanger's disease.- 159. Binswanger's disease; Fe++ in basal ganglia.- 9. White Matter Disorders-Myelination.- 9.1. De- and dysmyelination.- 160. Adrenoleukodystrophy.- 161. Fukuyama's disease; congenital musclular dystrophy, leukodystrophy.- 162. Leukodystrophy post-irradiation.- 9.2. Multiple sclerosis.- 163. Multiple sclerosis.- 164. Multiple sclerosis, multiple echoes.- 165. Multiple sclerosis?.- 166. Multiple sclerosis.- 167. Multiple sclerosis. Cervical cord lesions.- 168. Multiple sclerosis. Acute hemiparesis Gd DTPA.- 169. Multiple sclerosis (and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus).- 170. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia.- 9.3. Toxic encephalopathy.- 171. Toxic encephalopathy.- 172. Toxic encephalopathy.- 173. Toxic encephalopathy.- 174. Toxic (allergic) encephalopathy.- 175. Toxic encephalopathy after heroin.- 176. Toxic encephalopathy.- 177. Alcohol abuse.- 9.4. Myelination.- 178. Standard series.- 179. Myelination at 6 weeks in IR.- 180a, b. Myelination at 3 months, IR and SE.- 181a. Myelination at 6 months, IR.- 181b. Myelination at 8 months, IR.- 181c. Myelination at 8 months, SE, TE 30.- 181d. Myelination at 6 months, TE 120.- 182. Myelination at 9 months, IR.- 183a. Myelination at 18 months, IR.- 183b, 184. Myelination at 18 months, SE.- 185. Myelination at 2 years,, IR.- 186a, b. Congenital malformation. Myelination in accordance with age.- 187a. Microcephaly, partial holoprosencephaly. Myelination.- 187b, c. Microcephaly, partial holoprosencephaly. Myelination.- 188. Hypomyelination, Pelizaeus Merzbacher's disease.- 189. Hydrocephalus, retrocerebellar cyst, delayed myelination (?).- 190. Hydrocephalus and retarded myelination.- 191. Mental retardation, physically handicapped.- 192. Pelizaeus Merzbacher.- 193. Pelizaeus Merzbacher.- 194. Metachromatic leukodystrophy.- 10. Congenital Anomalies.- 195. Total vermis aplasia, hydrocephalus, abnormal optic chiasm.- 196. Schizencephaly.- 197. Encephaloclastic schizencephaly.- 198. Lissencephaly, pachygyria.- 199. Multiple congenital malformations; periventricular leukomalacia.- 200. Holoprosencephaly.- 201. Hemimegencephaly.- 202. Hemimegencephaly.- 203. Bourneville-Pringle's disease, tuberous sclerosis.- 204. Unclassifiable. Congenital hydrocephalus?.- 205. Agenesis of corpus callosum. Cerebellar infarction.- 206. Arachnoid cyst.- 207. Periventricular leukomalacia.- 208. Periventricular leukomalacia.- 209. Post encephalitic remains.- 210. Chiari II malformation.- 211. Congenital muscle dystrophy and leukodystrophy (Fukuyama).- 212. Corpus callosum agenesis. Plexus papilloma.- 213. Lipoma of the corpus callosum.- 11. Lesions of the Head and Neck.- 214. Adenocystic tumour nasopharynx.- 215. Follow-up after cytostatic treatment of adenocystic tumour of the nasopharynx.- 216. Adenocarcinoma of nasopharynx.- 217. Tumour of the palatum.- 218. Tumour of the palatum.- 219. Parotid gland disease.- 220. Tumour os temporale; metastasis in skull.- 221. Cyst in the neck region.- 222. Pleomorph adenoma of submandibular gland.- 223. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the neck.- 224. Palatum tumour.- 225. Clivus chordoma? Grawitz tumour metastasis?.- 226. Chordoma.- 227. Chordoma.- 12. Laryngeal Cancer.- 228. Hypopharyngeal tumour.- 229. Small supraglottic tumour with lymphatic spread.- 230. Small glottic tumour.- 13. Orbital and Ocular Lesions.- 231. Retinoblastoma.- 232. Melanotic melanoma.- 233. Amelanotic melanoma.- 234. Optic glioma.- 235. Carcinoma of the lacrimal gland.- 236, 237. Reduced size of eye: persistent hyperplastic vitreous; post-radiotherapy.- 238, 239, 240,241. Various lesions.- 242. Aplasia of orbital roof.- 243. Coloboma of the eye.- 244. Outer ridge meningeoma.- 14. Temporomandibular Joint.- 245. Anterior luxation with reduction.- 246. Rotational dislocation.- 15. Trauma.- 247. Chronic subdural haematoma.- 248. Bilateral subdural haematomas; tentorial herniation.- 249. Haemorrhagic contusions.- 16. Epilepsy.- 250. Fronto-opercular gliosis with calcification and retraction.- 251. Low-grade astrocytoma; no progression in two years.- 252. Peri-insular gliosis.- 253. Refractory partial epilepsy; gliosis of the temporal lobe.- 254. Partial complex epilepsy; temporal lobe atrophy.- 17. Postoperative Conditions.- 255. Haemochromatosis and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.- 256. Postoperative control paranasal squamous cell carcinoma.- 257. Oligodendroglioma postoperative.- 258. Non Hodgkin lymphoma in pre-existent intraventricular cyst.- 259. Intramedullary haemangioblastoma with syrinx.- 260. Spinal syrinx after compression.- 18. Gradient Echoes.- 261. Gradient echoes.- 262. Gradient echoes.- Acknowledgements.- References.