List of illustrations
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Part I: Deforestation and Unsustainable Development
1. Central America: Ecological and Socio-economic
Characteristics
Deforestation and Environmental Degradation
2. Causes of Deforestation: The Processes and Players Involved
Deforestation and Agro-export Development
Agrarian Frontier Colonization
The Cattle Boom
Logging
The Expansion of Export Crops
Infrastructural Development
Fuelwood and Urbanization
3. Structural and Policy Determinants of Deforestation
Agrarian Structure and Land Tenure
Government Policy and Legislation
Deforestation in the 1980s and 1990s: War, Agrarian Reform, Recession and Adjustment
Part II: The Breakdown of Traditional Resource Management Systems
Overview
4. Deforestation and Indian Populations
Central America's Indian Population
State Policy and Indian Rights
Encroachment in Tropical Rainforest Areas
Indians, Graziers and Colonization in Costa Rica
Indians and Logging Companies in Nicaragua
5. Deforestation and Livelihood in Guatemala's Western Highlands
The land Tenure System and the Demise of Communal Protection Mechanisms
The Crisis of Petty Commodity Production and Subsistence Provisioning
6. Deforestation and Shifting Peasant Agriculture
Deforestation and Land Colonization in Panama
Migratory Agriculture in Nicaragua
Part III Forest Protection and Tree Planting Initiatives
Overview
7. The Conservationist Approach: National Parks and Reserves
Protected Area Schemes
8. Protected Area Schemes and Social Conflict in Costa Rica
Two Case Studies: The Carara Biological Reserve and the Osa Peninsula
9. The Project Approach: Reforestation, Sustainable Logging, Agroforestry and Social Forestry Schemes
Reforestation
Sustainable Forest Management
Agroforestry and Social Forestry Schemes
10. Programme and Project Implementation: Concrete Experiences from El Salvador, Guatemala and
Honduras
Community Nurseries Programme in El Salvador
Reforestation and Agroforestry Projects in Totonicapin, Guatemala
The Honduran Social Forestry System
11. Alternative Approaches: Revolutionary Change and Grassroots Mobilization
Radical Structural Change: Agrarian Reform and Human Resettlement in Rio San Juan, Nicaragua
Grassroots Mobilization
Deforestation and Forest Protection in Huehuetenango, Guatemala
12. Social and Political Dimensions of Forest Protection
Social and Political Economy Concerns
External Interventions
Social Forces and Local Level Structures
Grassroots Organization and Mobilization
Annex 1 Case Studies, Theme Papers and Researchers
Notes
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Bibliography
Index
