List of Contributors
Chapter 1. Structural diversity of polyphenols and distribution in foods.
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Classification and chemistry of polyphenols
1.1.2. Flavonoids
1.1.3. Non-flavonoids
1.2. Dietary intake and food sources of polyphenols
1.2.1. Flavonoids
1.2.2. Non-flavonoids
1.3. Databases to assess the dietary exposure to polyphenols
1.4. Bioavailability, metabolism, and bioactivity of dietary polyphenols
Chapter 2. Non-extractable polyphenols: A relevant group with health effects.
2.1. Introduction: the concept of non-extractable polyphenols (NEPP)
2.2. Contribution of NEPP to total polyphenol content and intake
2.2.1. Strategies for the extraction and analysis of NEPP
2.3. Metabolic fate of NEPP. A key process for their health effects
2.3.1 Current evidence of the metabolic transformation of NEPP
2.3.2 Specific features of the metabolic fate of NEPP
2.4. How NEPP may exhibit health effects
2.4.1 Antioxidant effects
2.4.2 Microbiota modulation
2.4.3 Biological activities of microbial metabolites
2.4.4 Synergy with dietary fibre
2.5. Studies on the health effects of NEPP
2.5.1 Place of action: local vs systemic effects
2.5.2 Effects on gastrointestinal health
2.5.3 Effects on cardiometaoblic health
2.6. Perspectives
Chapter 3. Analytical strategies for determining polyphenols in foods and biological samples
3.1 Introduction. Importance of the determination of polyphenols
3.2. Most widely used extraction systems and new trends
3.3. Determination of the phenolic compounds in foods
3.3.1 Classical methods for polyphenols determination
3.3.2 Evolution of the traditional methods to characterize the polyphenolic fraction of foods: chromatographic and electrophoretic separation and subsequent detection
3.3.3 Other analytical strategies
3.4. Some considerations regarding the determination of polyphenols in biological samples
3.5. Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 4. Hydroxycinnamates
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Metabolism of hydroxycinnamates (HCs) and metabolic pathways.
4.2.1. Absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
4.2.2. Absorption in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
4.3. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of hydroxycinnamates -Influence of food matrix, processing, dose and interindividual differences.
4.3.1. Bioavailability of hydroxycinnamates in fruits, vegetables and beverages.
4.3.2. Bioavailability in cereal-based products.
4.4. Biological activity of hydroxycinnamates and their derivatives.
Chapter 5. Flavonols and flavones
5.1. Introduction.
5.2. Uptake and metabolism of flavonols and flavones.
5.2.1. Flavonols or 3-hydroxyflavones (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin).
5.2.2. Flavones (Luteolin, apigenin).
5.3. Microbiota formation of low molecular weight phenolic, common colonic metabolites.
5.3.1. Flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin).
5.4. Health effects of flavonols and flavones metabolites.
5.4.1. Flavonols or 3-hydroxyflavones.
5.4.2. Flavones (Luteolin, apigenin).
5.4.3 Flavonols, flavones and their low molecular weight colonic metabolites in health.
5.5. Conclusions and future perspectives.
Chapter 6. Isoflavones
6.1. Uptake and metabolism of isoflavones.
6.1.1. Gut microbial metabolism.
6.1.2. Pharmacokinetic studies
6.2. Biological mechanisms of isoflavones.
6.2.1. Hormonal.
6.2.2. Antioxidant.
6.2.3. Anti-inflammatory.
6.3. Physiological and health effects of isoflavones.
6.3.1. Bone.
6.3.2. Cancer.
6.3.2.1. Breast and endometrial cancers.
6.3.2.2. Prostate Cancer.
6.3.2.3. Gastrointestinal and colorectal cancers.
6.3.3. Reproductive hormones.
6.3.4. Cardiovascular disease (CVD), blood triglycerides and cholesterol, and inflammatory markers.
6.3.5. Diabetes, insulin resistance, and blood glucose and insulin.
6.3.6. Obesity.
6.3.7. Menopausal symptoms.
6.3.8. Neurological outcomes.
6.3.9. Physiological and health effects of isoflavone metabolites and phenotypes.
6.3.10. Summary of isoflavone intake and health.
Chapter 7. Dietary Anthocyanins
7.1. Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins
7.1.1 Oral cavity absorption
7.1.2. Gastric absorption
7.1.3. Intestinal absorption
7.2. Pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins
7.3. Factors affecting anthocyanins bioavailability
7.4. Biological activity of anthocyanin metabolites
7.4.1. Phase II metabolites
7.5. Conclusion
Chapter 8. Flavan-3-ols: catechins and proanthocyanidins
8.1. Introduction: chemistry and main dietary sources
8.2. Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols
8.2.1. Absorption and metabolism: native and colonic phase II metabolites
8.2.2. Pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of circulating metabolites. Inter-individual differences.
8.3. Health benefits of flavan-3-ols and their derived circulating metabolites
8.3.1. Cognitive
8.3.2. Inflammation and cardiometabolic disease
8.3.3. Urinary Tract Infections
8.4. Conclusions and future perspectives
Chaper 9. Ellagitannins and their gut microbiota-derived metabolites urolithins
9.1. Chemistry and sources of ellagitannins and ellagic acid.
9.2. Bioavailability of ellagitannins and ellagic acid.
9.3. The microbial metabolism of ellagitannins and ellagic acid: urolithins.
9.3.1 Urolithin production and bioavailability.
9.3.2. Tissue distribution of urolithins after consumption of ellagitannins.
9.3.3. Interaction of ETs and urolithins with the gut microbiota.
9.3.4. Interindividual variability. Metabotypes.
9.3.5. Analysis of urolithins.
9.4. Significance of ellagitannins, ellagic acid and urolithins on human health.
9.4.1. Antioxidant effects.
9.4.2. Anti-inflammatory properties.
9.4.3. Anticarcinogenic effects.
9.4.4. Neuroprotective effects.
9.4.5. Estrogenic modulation.
9.4.6. Urolithins, clinical trials and interindividual variability-health relationship.
9.5 Conclusions.
Chapter 10. Lignans
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Lignans in foods
10.3 Metabolism of lignans
10.3.1 Kinetics of absorption of plant lignans
10.3.2 Conversion of plant to enterolignans
10.3.2.1 Impact of intestinal microbiota
10.3.2.2 Impact of antibiotic use
10.3.2.3 Kinetics of absorption of enterolignans
10.4 Blood levels of lignans after dietary intervention
10.5 Bioactivity of plant and enterolignans
10.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 11 Stilbenes: Beneficial effects of resveratrol metabolites in obesity, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and inflammation
11.1 Introduction: Occurrence and intake
11.2. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of resveratrol.
11.3. Biological effects of resveratrol metabolites.
11.3.1. In vitro studies.
11.3.2. In vivo studies.
11.4. Concluding remarks.
Chapter 12. Flavanones
12.1 Introduction.
12.2. Flavanones and their occurrence.
12.3 Absorption of flavanones metabolites in the proximal and distal gastrointestinal tract.
12.4. Formation of 3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)hydracrylic acid.
12.5. Impact of physical activity on flavanone bioavailability.
12.6. Biovailability and matrix effects.
12.7. Bioavailability and probiotics.
12.8. Other effects on flavanones bioavailability.
12.9. Inter- and intra-volunteer variations in flavanones bioavailability.
12.10. Analysis of flavanones metabolites and catabolites.
12.11. Biomarkers and metabolomics.
12.12. Protective effects.
12.12.1. Cardiovascular disease.
12.12.2. Diabetic and metabolic syndrome.
12.12.3. Cancer.
12.12.4. Cognition and neuroprotection.
12.12.5. Bone.
12.12.6. Liver.
12.12.7. Immunomodulation and Anti-inflammatory activity.
12.12.8. Gastric function and the microbiome.
Chapter 13. Understanding polyphenols' health effects through the gut microbiota
13.1Microbial metabolism of dietary polyphenols
13.2 Bacteria responsible for dietary polyphenols transformations and health implications
13.3 Modulation of gut microbiota by dietary polyphenols
Index
