In Regional Cooperation in Amazonia: A Comparative Environmental Law Analysis, Maria Antonia Tigre provides a broad overview of the international, regional and national law applied to the Amazon rainforest and investigates efforts at regional cooperation for the protection of the Amazonian ecosystem. For the last four decades, cooperation among the eight countries in which the rainforest lies was primarily induced by the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT). Originally adopted to ensure national sovereignty, the ACT gradually evolved towards a framework for sustainable development.
Based on the challenges faced by the treaty and its subsequent instruments, Maria Antonia Tigre analyzes ways in which the ACT can be more effectively applied, leading to practical results that reduce deforestation. These specifically relate to the enforceability of the right to the environment, the implementation of protected areas, and the development of financial mechanisms to fund initiatives.
Reihe
Auflage
Sprache
Verlagsort
Verlagsgruppe
Zielgruppe
Produkt-Hinweis
Fadenheftung
Gewebe-Einband
Maße
Höhe: 239 mm
Breite: 157 mm
Dicke: 38 mm
Gewicht
ISBN-13
978-90-04-31349-1 (9789004313491)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Klassifikation
Maria Antonia Tigre, LL.M. (2014), Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University, is a senior environmental attorney at the Cyrus R. Vance Center for International Justice. She has published articles on the legal frameworks of forest-rich countries and climate change, including Cooperation for Climate Mitigation in Amazonia: Brazil's Emerging Role as a Regional Leader (2016).
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Illustrations
Abbreviations and Acronyms
1 Introduction
?1.1?Geography of Amazonia
?1.2?How to Define Amazonia
?1.3?About This Book
2 History of Amazonia and Amazonian Deforestation
?2.1?Occupation before Colonization
?2.2?European Colonization
?2.3?Independence
?2.4?Military Regimes and Amazonian Occupation to Protect Borders
?2.5?Reestablished Democracies
?2.6?Conclusion
3 Threats to the Amazon Rainforest: Deforestation and Climate Change
?3.1?Deforestation
?3.2?Causes of Deforestation
?3.2?Climate Change and Amazonia
?3.4?Emissions in Amazonia
?3.5?Conclusion
4 Early forms of Regional Cooperation: From Bilateral Agreements to Regional Integration
?4.1?International Boundaries, Free Navigation, and Border Security
?4.2?Environmental Agenda at the Global Level
?4.3?Bilateral Agreements and the Idea for Binational Parks
?4.4?Foundations of Regional Cooperation
?4.5?Negotiations for an Amazon Club
?4.6?Conclusion
5 First Period of Cooperation Within the act's Framework (1978-1989): The Defensive-Protectionist Phase
?5.1?Principles of the Act
?5.2?Territorial Scope of the Act
?5.3?Duration, Reservation and Dispute Resolution
?5.4?Member Countries' Rights
?5.5?Member Countries' Duties
?5.6?Ratification
?5.7?Institutional Structure of the act
?5.8?Initial Development of Cooperation
?5.9?Developments in International Forest Law
?5.10?Conclusion
6 Second Period of Cooperation within the act's Framework (1989-1994): Boost and Political Strengthening
?6.1?1989 Manaus Declaration
?6.2?1992 Manaus Declaration
?6.3?1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (unced), Rio de Janeiro
?6.4?Forest Certification
?6.5?Institutional Development
?6.6?Conclusion
7 Third Period of Cooperation within the act's Framework (1995-2002): Institutional Maturity
?7.1?Institutional Development
?7.2?The Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization
?7.3?Financial Mechanism and External Assistance
?7.4?Environmental Agenda
?7.5?Developments in International Forest Law
?7.6?Conclusion
8 Fourth Period of Cooperation Within the act's Framework (2002-2009): Institutional Visibility
?8.1?Institutional Development
?8.2?The 2004-2012 Strategic Plan
?8.3?Implementation of the Strategic Agenda
?8.4?Institutional Crisis
?8.5?Environmental Agenda
?8.6?Developments in International Forest Law
?8.7?Conclusion
9 Fifth Period of Cooperation within the act's Framework (2009-2017): Revitalizing the acto
?9.1?Relaunch of the acto
?9.2?Strategic Agenda of Amazon Cooperation (aeca)
?9.3?Implementation of the Strategic Agenda
?9.4?Environmental Agenda
?9.5?Developments in International Forest Law
?9.6?Conclusion
10 Critical Analysis of the act/acto
?10.1?Should Forests be Regulated at the Regional Level? An Analysis of Forest Regulation at the Global, Regional, and National Levels
?10.2?Is the acto the Appropriate Forum
?10.3?How Can the acto Achieve Tangible Results
?10.4?Experience from Brazil
?10.5?Conclusion
11 Environmental Protection
?11.1?Gaps in Regional Cooperation
?11.2?Substantive Right to the Environment
?11.3?Individual Duty to Protect the Environment
?11.4?State's Duty to Protect the Environment
?11.5?Balance between Economic Development and Environmental Protection
?11.6?Constitutional Protection of the Amazon Rainforest
?11.7?Conclusion
12 Protected Areas
?12.1?Protected Areas and Indigenous Territories in Amazon Countries
?12.2?Deforestation in Protected Areas and Indigenous Territories
?12.3?The Case for a Regional Effort for Protected Areas
?12.4?Existing Regional Approaches for Protected Areas
?12.5?Brazil's Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (Arpa)
?12.6?Transboundary Protected Areas (tba)
?12.7?Privately Protected Areas
?12.8?Conclusion
13 Financial Mechanisms
?13.1?Colombia's Amazon Vision
?13.2?Brazil's Amazon Fund
?13.3?Guyana-Norway Partnership
?13.4?Ecuador's Yasuni-itt Initiative
?13.5?Socio Bosque Program in Ecuador
?13.6?Conclusion
14 Stakeholders in Amazonia
?14.1?Relevance of Stakeholders
?14.2?Environmental Institutions in Amazon Countries
?14.3?Amazonian Research Institutions
?14.4?National Institutions Participating in Regional Cooperation
?14.5?Participation of Third Parties and the Role of Multiple Stakeholders
?14.6?Conclusion
Appendices
Appendix 1: Amazon Cooperation Treaty
Appendix 2: Protocol of Amendment of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty
appendix 3: Declarations of Presidents of Amazon Countries
Bibliography
Index
