It has been shown both experimentally {2} and theoretically {2,3} that surface skimming SH waves propagating along symmetry axes of the texture have velocities that differ in proportion to the magnitude of any stress that lies along one of the symmetry axes. Specifically, the stress is directly proportional to the relative velocity difference through the equation -,--V ik=---V. -=ki) ( I) cr. = 2G (-V ~ ik where cr. is the stress in the direction i, G is the shear modulus and Vik is the ~elocity of an SH wave propagating in the i direction and polarized in the k direction. This rather simple relationship is particularly useful because the constant of proportionality involves only the well known shear modulus and the velocity term can be measured directly by observing the transit time shift when a transmitter-receiver pair of SH wave transducers are rotated through 90 degrees on the surface of the part. Experimentally, Equation (I) was tested on the web of railroad rails which had been loaded by a 200,000 pound mechanical testing machine {I}. The method of exciting and detecting the necessary surface skimming SH waves used electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) that operated through a magnetostrictive mechanism at high magnetic fields {4}. Wave velocities parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the rail on the web differed by the amount predicted by Equation (I) to an absolute accuracy of 30 percent in the worst case.
Reihe
Auflage
Sprache
Verlagsort
Verlagsgruppe
Springer Science+Business Media
Zielgruppe
Für höhere Schule und Studium
Für Beruf und Forschung
Research
Illustrationen
Maße
Gewicht
ISBN-13
978-0-306-42837-1 (9780306428371)
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4613-0979-6
Schweitzer Klassifikation
Interfaces: The Next NDE Challenge.- Ultrasonic Methods for Characterizing the Interface in Composites.- Characterization of Film Adhesion by Acoustic Microscopy.- Application of SH and Lamb Wave Emat's for Evaluation of Adhesive Joint in Thin Plate.- The Influence of Interfacial Conditions on the Ultrasonic Wave Interaction with Multilayered Media.- The Influence of Material Dissipation and Imperfect Bonding on Acoustic Wave Reflection from Layered Solids.- Nondestructive Evaluation of Adhesive Bonds Using Leaky Lamb Waves.- Determination of Delaminations in Adhesively Bonded Layers under Compression.- Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation of Adhesive Bond Strength.- Nondestructive Characterization of Ceramic Composite Whiskers with Neutron Diffraction and Ultrasonic Techniques.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Ceramic-Ceramic Composites.- QNDE of a 3-D Carbon-Carbon Composite Using Photoacoustic Microscopy.- Elastic Wave Dispersion in Laminated Composite Plate.- Practical Application of State-of-the-Art NDE Techniques: Evaluation of Graphite-Epoxy Composite Wing Covers.- Inspecting Advanced Composite Materials at Ultrasonic Frequencies from 2 Megahertz to 2 Gigahertz.- A Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Technique for Assessing the Compression-After-Impact Strength of Composites Plates.- Eddy Current Probe Impedances Due to Interaction with Advanced Composites.- Backscatter from Porosity in Cross-Ply Composites.- A Relationship between Frequency Dependent Ultrasonic Attenuation and Porosity in Composite Laminates.- Effect of Bottom-Surface Reflections on Backscatter from Porosity in a Composite Layer.- Characterization of Porosity in Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Ultrasonic Backscatter.- Ultrasonic Measurements of Porosity in Woven Graphite Polyimide Composites.- Ultrasonic NDE of Laser-Damaged Organo-Matrix Composites.- Mechanical Strength Degradation of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Thermoset Composites Due to Porosity.- A Model for Ultrasound Transmission Through Graphite Composite Plates Containing Delaminations.- Imaging of Impact Damage in Composite Materials.- Vibrothermographic NDE of Fiberous Composites.- Nondestructive Evaluation of Fiber Composite Laminates by Thermoelastic Emission.- Thermographic Detection of Buried Debonds.- Defect Detection and Quantification in Laminated Composites by EATF (Passive) Thermography.- Sub-Bandgap Laser Probing of GaAs Devices and Circuits.- Semiconductor Dimensional Metrology Using the Scanning Electron Microscope.- White Beam Synchrotron X-Ray Topography of Gallium Arsenide.- A Noninvasive Optical Probe for Detecting Electrical Signals in Silicon IC's.- Spatially Resolved Non-Contact Bulk and Surface Photovoltage Response in Semiconductors.- High Resolution Holographic Contouring.- Correlation of Thin-Film Bond Compliance and Bond Fracture Resistance.- Evaluation of Solder Bonds in a Silicon Flip Chip Device.- Ultrasonic Evaluation of the Nonlinearity of Metals from a Design Perspective.- Microstructure Characterization with a Pulsed Laser Ultrasonic Source.- Elastic Constant Determination Using Generation by Pulsed Laser.- Laser Optic Vibration Sensing for the Inspection of Bonds in the Orbiter Thermal Protection Tiles.- Imaging Subtle Microstructural Variations in Ceramics with Precision Ultrasonic Velocity and Attenuation Measurements.- Application of the Grain Boundary Internal Friction Peak to the Determination of Optimum Deformation Conditions of a Superplastic Alloy.- Search for NDE Methods to Characterize Thermal History and Mechanical Properties of Al-Li Alloys.- Scattering Induced Attenuation of Ultrasonic Backscattering.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Microspherical Inclusions in Zirconia and Crystallized Glass.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Nonuniform Porosity Distributions in SiC Ceramic.- Reflection of Ultrasonic Waves by an Imperfect Diffusion Bond.- Effects of Imperfect Interfaces on Acoustic Transmission and Diffraction.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Solid-Solid Bonds from Microstructural Changes.- Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Evaluation of Solid State Welds.- Ultrasonic NDE Techniques for Integrally Fabricated Rotors.- Strength and Ultrasonic Characterization of Metallic Interfaces.- Acoustoelastic Responses of an Elastoplastically Deformed Body.- Acoustoelasticity Using Surface Waves in Slightly Anisotropic Materials.- Acoustoelastic Wave Velocity in Metal Matrix Composite under Thermal Loading.- Ultrasonic Methods of Texture Monitoring for Characterization of Formability of Rolled Aluminum Sheet.- Energy Distribution for SH-Waves in Slightly Anisotropic Materials.- Averaging Techniques and Ultrasonic Pole Figures.- Complete Evaluation of Residual Stress States Using Acoustoelasticity.- Measurement of Stress in Steel Structures with SH Wave EMATS.- Sensitivity of an Ultrasonic Technique for Axial Stress Determination.- Application of the Nonlinear Harmonics Method to Continuous Measurement of Stress in Railroad Rail.- X-Ray Diffraction Stress Analysis as an NDE Technique.- Nondestructive Residual Stress Measurements in Railroad Wheels Using the Low-Field Magnetoacoustic Test Method.- Crystallographic Texture in Rolled Aluminum Plates: Neutron Pole Figure Measurements.- A Study of Strain-Induced Phase Transformations in TiNi Alloy by Electric Resistance Method.- Strain Dependence of the Magnetic Properties of AISI 4130 and 4140 Alloy Steels.- Nondestructive Evaluation of Temper Embrittlement in HY80 Steel.- Quantitative Hardening-Depth-Measurements Up to 4 mm by Means of Micro-Magnetic Microstructure Multiparameter Analysis (3MA).- Modeling of Laser Ultrasound Generation in a Weld Pool.- Laser Sound Generation in a Weld Pool.- Objective Ultrasonic Characterization of Welding Defects Using Physically Based Pattern Recognition Techniques.- Acoustic Emissions at an Open Crack.- Acoustic Emission from Macro-Microcrack Configurations.- Characterization of Cracks in Thick Plates by Lamb Wave Diffraction Studies.- The Use of Ultrasonic Harmonic Generation to Determine Crack Opening Conditions in Compact Tension Specimens.- On-Line Fatigue Crack Growth Monitoring in Externally Pressurised Vessels Using the Alternating Current Potential Drop (ACPD) Technique.- A Novel Fabrication Technique for Prescribed Interior Cracks in a Metal.- Acoustic Characterization of Curing Processes Using Waveguides Embedded within Polymers.- Use of Marginal Oscillator for Acoustic Monitoring of Curing of Epoxy Resin.- Precision Ultrasonic Thickness Measurements of Thin Steel Disks.- Cure Control: Strategies for Using Dielectric Sensors.- In-Process Radiography of ARC Weld.- Eddy Current Measurement of Density During Hot Isostatic Pressing.- An Eddy Current Sensor for the Measurement of Resistivity and Temperature of Aluminum Rod during Extrusion Processing.- Laser-Ultrasonics for Industrial Applications.- A Remote Laser System for Material Characterization at High Temperatures.- Computer Aided Ultrasonic Porosity Assessment for Cast Aluminum Alloy.- Ultrasonic Transducer Characterization Station.- Analysis of a Semi-Automatic System for the Ultrasonic Measurement of Texture.- Design of a System of Inspection Assisted by Microprocessor (SIAM) for Adhesive Bonded Composite Structures.- A Real-Time Ultrasonic Imaging System (ARIS) for Manual Inspection of Aircraft Composite Structures.- Flaw Detection in Railroad Wheels Using Rayleigh-Wave EMATS.- Noncontact Temperature Measurements of Hot Steel Bodies Using an Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT).- A Compact EMAT Receiver for Ultrasonic Testing at Elevated Temperatures.- An Automated System for Mapping Autohesion and Other Joining Related Defects in Polyethylene Heat-Fused Pipe Joints.- A Pulsed Eddy Current Method for Examining Thin-Walled Stainless Steel Tubing.- Quantitative Eddy Current Variants for Micromagnetic Microstructure Multiparameter Analysis (3MA).- Application of Eddy Current Principles for Measurement of Tube Centerline Deflection.- Recent Developments in the Ames Magnetic Testing Facility.- Near-Real-Time Radiography Detects 0.1% Changes in Areal Density with 1-Millimeter Spatial Resolution.- The Digitization of NDT Radiographs Using a Laser Scanner for Improved Productivity.- Application of Ultrasonic Pod Models.- Experimental Validation of Models Applicable to the Ultrasonic Inspection of Nuclear Components.- Prediction of the Probability of Eddy Current Flaw Detection.- Statistical Evaluation of NDE Reliability in the Aerospace Industry.- Methodology for Analysis and Characterization of Nondestructive Inspection Capability Data.- Proficiency Evaluation of NDE Personnel Utilizing the Ultrasonic Methodology.- Human Factors Impact on NDE Reliability.- Wednesday Evening Session XIX 'Town Meeting on a Working Group in NDE'.
