Derivative Spectrophotometry

List of Symbols and Abbrevations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Development of the Derivative Technique. 1.2 Electron Excitation Spectra. 1.3 References to Chapter 1. 2 Theoretical Considerations. 2.1 Fine Resolution of Spectra. 2.1.1 Optical Methods. 2.1.2 Low-Temperature Spectroscopy. 2.1.3 Computation Methods. 2.1.3.1 Curve-Fitting Method. 2.1.3.2 Numerical Multicomponent Analysis. 2.1.3.3 Fourier Analysis. 2.1.3.4 Differentiation. 2.2 Differentiation and Derivative Spectra. 2.3 Derivatives of Analytical Bands. 2.3.1 Virtual Extrema. 2.3.2 Sharpening of Peaks and Shoulders. 2.3.3 Overlapping of Signals. 2.3.4 Shifting of Maxima. 2.4 Loss of Information by Differentiation vs. Increase in Resolution 2.5 "Real" Spectra and Noise. 2.6 Evaluation of Derivative Spectra. 2.6.1 Common Methods. 2.6.1.1 Peak-Peak Method. 2.6.1.2 Peak-Tangent Method. 2.6.1.3 Peak-Zero Method. 2.6.1.4 Peak-Peak Ratio Method. 2.6.2 Special Methods. 2.6.2.1 Half-Wave Graphical Illustration. 2.6.2.2 Extended Peak-Peak Ratio Method. 2.6.2.3 lsosbestic Point Method. 2.6.2.4 Side-Peak-Side Ratio Method. 2.6.3 Computational Methods. 2.6.3.1 Additive and Subtractive Methods. 2.6.3.2 Multiplicative Method. 2.6.3.3 Partitive Method. 2.6.4 New Variants in the Derivative Method. 2.6.4.1 log A Derivative Method. 2.6.4.2 Differentiation-Integration Method. 2.6.5 Evaluation of Peak Areas. 2.7 References to Chapter 2. 3 Instrumentation. 3.1 Graphical Methods. 3.2 Mechanical-Electrical Methods. 3.3 Optical Methods. 3.3.1 Modulation Procedures. 3.3.2 Dual-Wavelength Spectrophotometers. 3.4 Subtraction of Temporally or Spatially Delayed Spectra. 3.4.1 Spatial Delay. 3.4.1.1 Delayed Recording. 3.4.1.2 "Intelligent Recorder". 3.4.1.3 Dual-Wavelength Delay. 3.4.1.4 Cassette-Tape Delay. 3.4.2 Temporal Delay. 3.5 Analog Differentiation. 3.5.1 First Experiments with Electronic Differentiators. 3.5.2 Operational Amplifiers. 3.5.3 Differentiators and Integrators. 3.5.4 Analog Filters. 3.5.4.1 Passive Filters. 3.5.4.2 Active Filters. 3.5.5 Differentiators with Integrated Filters. 3.5.6 More Complicated Special Differentiators. 3.5.7 Higher-Order Differentiators. 3.5.8 Chronological overview of Low- and Higher-Order Differentiators 3.6 Digital Differentiation. 3.6.1 Dual-Path Storage Oscilloscope. 3.6.2 " Intelligent Plotter". 3.6.3 Computers. 3.6.3.1 Hardware. 3.6.3.2 Software. 3.6.4 Numerical Manipulation of Digitized Curves. 3.6.4.1 Smoothing and Filtering. 3.6.4.2 Differentiation Algorithms. 3.7 Vidicon and Diode Array Devices. 3.8 Hybrid-Derivative Modules. 3.9 Short- and Long-Term Storage. 3.9.1 Analog Data. 3.9.2 Digital Data. 3.10 References to Chapter 3. 4 Practical Aspects. 4.1 Data Source. 4.2 On-Line and Off-Line Mode. 4.3 Standard Curves. 4.3.1 Optical Glass Filter. 4.3.2 Solutions of Inorganic or Organic Substances. 4.3.3 Generation of Electronic Standard Curves. 4.3.3.1 Curve Scanner.