Sampling and Sample Preparation

1 Sampling:an Introduction.- 1.1 General Remarks.- 1.2 Error Sources Prior to Total Element Determination.- 1.3 Sampling for Subsequent Determination of Chemical Species.- 1.4 Studies to Evaluate Sampling Errors.- 1.5 References.- 2 Human Specimens.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Human Specimens.- 2.3 Characterization.- 2.4 Sampling Procedures.- 2.5 References.- 3 Wet Precipitation:Rain and Snow.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Sampling Strategy.- 3.3 Sampling Equipment.- 3.4 Sampling in Winter.- 3.5 Sample Storage.- 3.6 Sample Preparation.- 3.7 Analytical Procedures.- 3.8 Results and Discussion.- 3.9 Conclusions.- 3.10 References.- 4 Sampling of Sea- and Fresh Water for the Analysis of Trace Elements.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Sample Handling.- 4.3 Sampling Procedures.- 4.4 Digestion.- 4.5 Typical Concentration Levels of Selected Trace Elements in the Aquatic Environment and Suitable Analytical Methods.- 4.6 Quality Assurance During Analysis and Data Evaluation.- 4.7 References.- 5 Soils and Soil Solutions.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Materials.- 5.3 Aspects of Soil Sampling and Recommendations for Its Realization..- 5.4 Sample Storage.- 5.5 Quality Control.- 5.6 Safety Precautions.- 5.7 References.- 6 Waste.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Theoretical Considerations for Sampling.- 6.3 Sampling and Storage.- 6.4 Decomposition and Analysis.- 6.5 Legal Requirements, Standards and Instruction Leaflets.- 6.6 Specific Problems.- 6.7 References.- 7 Collection, Preparation and Long-Term Storage of Marine Samples.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Tasks of the Environmental Specimen Bank.- 7.3 Collection.- 7.4 Sample Preparation.- 7.5 Conclusions.- 7.6 References.- 8 Biological Samples.- 8.1 Introduction: Ecological Basis - Information Content, Function and Indicative Value of Biological Specimens.- 8.2 QualityAssurance in Biological Sampling.- 8.3 Development of Specified Sampling Plans.- 8.4 Specific Problems of Sampling and Preparation of Biological Environmental Specimens.- 8.5 References.- 9 Sampling of Industrial Material (Sampling for the Balancing of Elements in the Cement Industry).- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Cement Clinker Burning Process.- 9.3 Sampling.- 9.4 Sample Preparation, Decomposition and Analysis.- 9.5 Checking Mass Flows.- 9.6 Conclusions.- 9.7 References.- 10 Food Products of Animal and Plant Origin.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Recommendations, Standards and Estimations of the Tolerable Intake of Toxic Metals via Food.- 10.3 Sample Collection.- 10.4 Sample Preparation.- 10.5 Homogenization.- 10.6 Decomposition Procedures.- 10.7 Analysis and Quality Control.- 10.8 Consumption Recommendations.- 10.9 References.- 11 Sample Preparation:an Introduction.- 11.1 General Remarks.- 11.2 Error Sources.- 11.3 Decomposition Directly Prior to Determination in Analytical Systems.- 11.4 Quality Assurance.- 11.5 References.- 12 Pressure Digestion: Apparatus, Problems and Applications.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Liner.- 12.3 Body.- 12.4 Safety Devices.- 12.5 Heating System.- 12.6 Conditions for Digestion.- 12.7 Completeness of Sample Decomposition.- 12.8 References.- 13 Microwave-Assisted Decomposition.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Microwave-Assisted Decomposition Apparatus.- 13.3 Comparison of Different Microwave-Assisted Digestion Systems.- 13.4 Criteria for the Evaluation of Microwave Digestion Systems.- 13.5 Conclusions.- 13.6 References.- 14 Decomposition Methods for the Electrochemical Determination of Elements.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Determination without Sample Decomposition.- 14.3 Oxidative UV-Digestion !..- 14.4 Mineralization by Oxygen.- 14.5 Open Wet Digestion.-14.6 Pressurized Digestion.- 14.7 Conclusions.- 14.8 References.- 15 Decomposition of Materials for Trace Analysis in the Cement Industry.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Decomposition Methods.- 15.3 Examples.- 15.4 References.