Changing Concepts of Mechanisms of Waking and Sleep States.- Methodology of Morphological and Physiological Substrates Underlying States of Vigilance.- Afferent and Efferent Connections of Brainstem and Forebrain Modulatory Systems.- Neuronal Circuits in the Thalamus, Neocortex, and Hippocampus, Targets of Diffuse Modulatory Systems.- Intrinsic Electrophysiological Properties of Brainstem and Forebrain Neurons.- Neurotransmitter-Modulated Currents of Brainstem Neurons and Some of Their Forebrain Targets.- Synchronized Brain Oscillations Leading to Neuronal Plasticity during Waking and Sleep States.- Brainstem and State dependency of Thalamocortical Systems.- Neuronal Activities in Brainstem and Basal Forebrain Structures Controlling Waking and Sleep States.- Motor Systems.- Neuronal Control of REM Sleep.- REM Sleep as a Biological Rhythm: The Phenomenology and a Structural and Mathematical Model with Application to Depression.- The Role of Active Forebrain and Humoral Systems in Sleep Control.