1 Introduction.- The Scope and Use of this Book.- The Book's Structure.- The Book's Direction.- 2 A Brief History of Motivation and Reward Concepts.- Instincts and Taxes.- Hedonism.- Sensory Psychology and Physiology.- Temperament, Emotion, and Affect.- Reinforcement.- Regulatory Physiology.- Neurobiology.- The Concept of Motivation.- 3 Behavioral Aspects of Motivation and Reward.- Behavioral Concepts and Definitions.- Motivated Behavior.- Reinforcement and Reward.- Incentive.- Preference, Aversion, and Choice.- Competition Among Drives.- Motivation.- Measurement of Motivation.- Deprivation and Drive.- Satiation and Satiety.- Acquired Motivation.- Taste-Aversion Learning.- Opponent Process Theory.- Non-Homeostatic Motivation.- Emergence of Motivated Behavior and Hedonic Responses in Phylogeny.- Affect and Hedonic Response.- Summary.- 4 Physiological Aspects of Motivation and Reward.- Brain States.- Neural Hierarchies.- Peripheral and Central-Neural Interactions.- Medial Hypothalamic Interactions.- Lateral Hypothalamic Interactions.- Feeding, Satiation, and Satiety.- Conceptual Schemes of Peripheral-Central Interactions.- Motor Control of Motivated Behavior.- Reward, Affect, and Hedonic Response.- Summary.- 5 The Measurement of Brain Stimulation Reward.- Background.- The Problem of ESB Reward Measurement.- Continuous Reinforcement Lever-Pressing.- The Input-Output Curve, Rate-Intensity, and Threshold.- The Variable Parameter in an Input-Output Curve.- Threshold and Half-Maximal Criterion.- A Discrete Trial Procedure.- The Reward Summation Function.- The Extinction Paradigm.- Autotitration or Set-Reset Method.- Post-Reinforcement Pause.- Response Strength Method.- Choice and Other Methods.- ESB Reward Psychophysics.- Summary.- 6 The Neuroanatomy of Brain-Stimulation Reward.- The Lateral Hypothalamus and Medial Forebrain Bundle: Many Possible Substrates.- What Is Activated by the Electrode?.- Psychophysics of ESB Reward: Refractory Periods.- Psychophysics: Linkage, Conduction Velocity, and Direction.- Psychophysics: Other Structural and Anatomical Properties.- Lesion Studies of ESB Reward.- The Descending Path Hypothesis.- Origin of the Descending Path.- Some Subtleties and the Termination of the Descending Path.- The Frontal Cortex: ESB Reward from Another Site.- Single Unit Recording.- Summary.- 7 Dopamine and ESB Reward.- Some Basic Facts.- Dopamine Brain Systems 162 ESB Reward and the Effects of Systemic Dopamine Blockade.- Improving Selectivity through Drug Choice or Brain Injection.- Food Reward and the Effects of Dopamine Blockade.- Lesion Studies.- Drug Self-Administration and Place Preference.- Opiates.- Some Models of Dopamine Function: Reward, Behavioral Activation, and Effort.- The Ventral Tegmental Area and the Nucleus Accumbens.- Whatever Happened to Norepinephrine?.- Conclusions.- 8 Overview.- Behavioral Phenomena Associated with ESB.- Priming.- Relation of ESB to Natural Reward.- Evoked Motivational Effects.- Approach-Withdrawal Function.- Hierarchical Organization.- Peripheral and Central-Neural Controls.- General Arousal Versus Specific Activation.- Localization of Function and Hierarchical Organization.- Nature-Nurture and Role of Experience.- Motivation and Phylogeny.- Motivation and Ontogeny.- Conclusions.- Future Outlook.- References.
