Section I Introduction
Chapter 1 Pollution: What Is It?
Introduction: Deep and Gloomy Woods
Pollution Defined
Key Terms
Pollution: Effects Often Easy to See, Feel, Taste, or Smell
Preventing Pollution
Pollution and Environmental Science/Health
A Different Approach
Environmental Pollution and Technology: The Connection
Environmental Degradation
The Good Life
Science and Technology Offer Solutions
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 2 Pollution Science Fundamentals
Introduction
Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Sulfur Cycle
Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem and the Biosphere
Materials Balance
Energy Flow in the Biosphere
Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
Units of Measurement
Units of Mass
Units of Length
Units of Volume
Units of Temperature
Units of Pressure
Units Often Used in Environmental Pollution Studies
Liquids
Gases or Vapors
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 3 Global Pollution: The Problem
Introduction
Global Interdependence
Global Pollution Problems: Causal Factors
Frontier Mentality
Population Growth
Development
Development and Soil Degradation
Development and Fresh Water Degradation
Development and Atmospheric Air Degradation
Pollution and Global Environmental Degradation
So, What Is the Answer?
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 4 Sources of Pollution
A Historical Perspective
Introduction
Natural Pollutants
Pollutant Terminology
Pollutant-Related Terms Defined
Soil, Water, and Air Pollution: The Interface
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Section II Air
Chapter 5 Air
Introduction
All About Air
Characteristics and Properties of the Components of Air
Atmospheric Nitrogen
Physical Properties of Nitrogen
Uses for Nitrogen
Nitrogen Oxides
Atmospheric Oxygen
Physical Properties of Oxygen
Uses for Oxygen
Ozone: Just Another Form of Oxygen
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Physical Properties of Carbon Dioxide
Uses for Carbon Dioxide
Atmospheric Argon
Physical Properties of Argon
Uses for Argon
Atmospheric Neon
Physical Properties of Neon
Uses for Neon
Atmospheric Krypton
Physical Properties of Krypton
Uses for Krypton
Atmospheric Helium
Physical Properties for Helium
Atmospheric Xenon
Physical Properties of Xenon
Uses for Xenon
Atmospheric Hydrogen
Physical Properties of Hydrogen
Uses for Hydrogen
Atmospheric Water
Atmospheric Particulate Matter
Air for Combustion
Air for Power
Stratification of the Atmosphere
Physical Properties and Dynamics of Air
Force, Weight, and Mass
Pressure
Work and Energy
Diffusion and Dispersion
Compressibility
Gas Laws
Boyle's Law
Charles's Law
Ideal Gas Law
Flow Rate
Gas Conversions
Major Constituents
Both Major and Minor Constituents
Minor Constituents
Gas Velocity
Gas Stream Treatment (Residence) Time
Gas Density
Heat Capacity and Enthalpy
Heat and Energy in the Atmosphere
Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Viscosity
Flow Characteristics
Particle Physics
Characteristics of Particles
Surface Area and Volume
Aerodynamic Diameter
Particle Size Categories
Regulated Particulate Matter Categories
Size Distribution
Particle Formation
Physical Attrition
Combustion Particle Burnout
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation
Droplet Evaporation
Collection Mechanisms
Inertial Impaction and Interception
Brownian Diffusion
Gravitational Settling
Electrostatic Attraction
Thermophoresis
Diffusiophoresis
Atmospheric Dispersion, Transformation, and Deposition
Weather
Turbulence
Mixing
Topography
Temperature Inversions
Plume Rise
Transport
Dispersion Models
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 6 Air Pollution
Yurk and Smilodon
Introduction
Types and Sources of Air Pollutants
Criteria Air Pollutants
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Particulate Matter
Lead Particulates
Ozone (O3)
Deposition of Pollutants in the Atmosphere
Problems of Atmospheric Pollution
Acid Deposition
Smog Formation
Stratosphere Ozone Depletion
Climate Change
The Past
A Time of Ice
Back to the Ice Ages
Warm Winter
Global Warming
Chlorofluorocarbons
Global Dimming
Haze
Roadway Air Pollution
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 7 Air Pollution Monitoring, Sampling, and Remediation
Air Monitoring and Sampling
Air Sample Volume
Limit of Detection
Limit of Quantification
Precision, Accuracy, and Bias
Calibration Requirements
Types of Air Sampling
Analytical Methods for Sampling Gases and Vapors
Air Monitoring vs. Air Sampling
Air Sampling Principles
Sampling for Airborne Particulates
Dusts
Duration of Exposure
Particle Size
Stokes's Law
Airborne Dust Concentration
Particulate Collection
Analysis of Particulates
Health and Environmental Impacts of Particulates
Control of Particulates
Air Sampling for Gases and Vapors
Gas Laws
Types of Air Samples
Methods of Sampling
Air Sampling Collection Processes
Calibration of Air Sampling Equipment
Direct-Reading Instruments for Air Sampling
Direct-Reading Physical Instruments
Direct-Reading Colorimetric Devices
Calibration of Direct-Reading Instruments
Air Sampling Calculations
Gram Molecular Volumes
Sample Conversions and Calculations Using Boyle's Law
Sampling Conversions and Calculations Using Charles's Law
Sample Conversions and Calculations Using
Boyle'sLaw and Charles's Law Combined
Practical Application of Gas Laws
Air Pollution Remediation
Pollution Prevention
Reducing Air Emissions
Clearing the Air
Air Pollution Control: Choices
Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems
Removal of Dry Particulate Matter
Particulate Matter
Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulates
Gravity Settlers
Cyclone Collectors
Electrostatic Precipitators
Wet (Venturi) Scrubbers
Baghouse (Fabric) Filters
Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources
Absorption
Adsorption
Condensation
Combustion
Direct-Flame Combustion (Flaring)
Thermal Combustion (Afterburners)
Catalytic Combustion
Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Mobile Sources
Control of Crankcase Emissions
Control of Evaporative Emissions
Catalytic Converters
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 8 Indoor Air Quality and Mold Control
Introduction
What Is Indoor Air Quality?
Why Is Indoor Air Quality Important to Workplace Owners?
Worker Symptoms Associated with Poor Air Quality
Workplace Building-Associated Illnesses
Sick Building Syndrome
Building-Related Illness
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
Building Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality
Factors Affecting Indoor Climate
Factors Affecting Indoor Air Pollution
Types of Pollutants
Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants
Indoor Contaminant Transport
Common Airflow Pathways
Ventilation
Major Indoor Air Quality Contaminants
Asbestos Exposure
Permissible Exposure Limits
Exposure Monitoring
Competent Person
Regulated Areas
Methods of Compliance
Respirators
Labels
Protective Clothing
Training
Recordkeeping
Hygience Facilities and Practices
Medical Exams
Silica Exposure
Silica Exposure During Hydraulic Fracturing
Guidelines for Control of Occupational Exposure to Silica
Formaldehyde Exposure
Lead Exposure
Health Effects of Lead
Lead Standard Definitions
Worker Lead Protection Program
Mold Control
Mold Prevention
Mold Remediation
Mold Cleanup Methods
Checklist for Mold Remediation
Indoor Air Quality Equations
Percentage of Outside Air in the Air Supply
Outdoor Air Volume Flow Rate
Air Changes per Hour, Outdoor Air
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Section III Water
Chapter 9 Water
Water: Earth's Blood
Water: Facts and Prose
Water: The Basics
How Special, Strange, and Different Is Water?
Characteristics of Water
Inflammable Air + Vital Air = Water
Just Two H's and One O
Somewhere between 0 degrees and 105 degrees
Physical Properties of Water
Capillary Action
Water Cycle
Specific Water Movements
Q and Q Factors
Sources of Water
Watersheds
Multiple-Barrier Concept of Protection
Watershed Management
Water Quality Impacts
Watershed Protection and Regulations
Watershed Protection Plans
Reservoir Management Practices
Potable Water
What Is Potable Water?
Key Definitions
Surface Water and Groundwater Sources
Location! Location! Location!
How Readily Available Is Potable Water?
Surface Water as a Source of Potable Water
Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface Water
Surface Water Hydrology
Raw Water Storage
Surface Water Quality
Groundwater
Aquifers
Aquifer Systems
Zone
Confining Unit
Types of Aquifers
Groundwater Quality
Groundwater Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water
Perpetual Motion
Well Systems
Water Use
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 10 Water Pollution
Introduction
Surface Water
Lentic (Standing or Still) Water Systems
Still Water
Lotic (Flowing) Water Systems
Stream Genesis
Setting the Stage
Surface Water Pollutants
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
pH
Solids
Fats, Oil, and Grease
Pathogenic Organisms
Giardia
Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Toxic Pollutants
Nontoxic Pollutants
Macroscopic Pollutants
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
Emerging Contaminants
DDT
A Brief History of the Development and Use of Chemicals
Endocrine Disruptors
Groundwater Pollution
Sources of Groundwater Contamination
Aquifers
Groundwater Flow
Wetlands
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 11 Water Pollution Remediation
Historical Perspective
Effect of Regulations on Preventing Water Pollution
A Sherlock Holmes at the Pump
Dr. John Snow
Cholera
Flashback to 1854 London
From Pump Handle Removal to Water Treatment (Disinfection)
Water Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Thermal Pollution Treatment
Pollution Control Technology: Underground Storage Tanks
Pollution Control Technology: Groundwater Remediation
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Section IV Soil
Chapter 12 Soil Basics
Introduction
Soil: What Is It?
Key Terms Defined
All About Soil
Functions of Soil
Soil as a Plant Growth Medium
Soil as a Regulator of Water Supplies
Soil as a Recycler of Raw Materials
Soil as a Habitat for Organisms
Soil as an Engineering Medium
Soil as a Source of Materials
Concurrent Soil Functions
Soil Properties
Physical Properties of Soil
Soil Separates
Soil Formation
Weathering
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Bare Rock Succession
Final Stages of Soil Formation
Soil Characterization
Diagnostic Horizons and Temperature and Moisture Regimes
Soil Taxonomy
Soil Orders
Soil Suborders
Soil Great Groups and Subgroups
Soil Families and Series
Soil Mechanics and Physics
Soil Mechanics
Weight-Volume Relationships and Void Ratio
Soil Particle Characteristics
Soil Stress
Soil Compressibility
Soil Compaction
Soil Failure
Soil Physics
Soil and Water
Soil Chemistry
Solid Waste
Solid Waste Regulatory History in the United States
Solid Waste Characteristics
Sources of Municipal Solid Waste
Residential Sources of MSW
Commercial Sources of MSW
Institutional Sources of MSW
Construction and Demolition Sources of MSW
Municipal Services Sources of MSW
Treatment Plant Site Sources of MSW
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 13 Soil Pollution
Clean Soil
Soil Pollutants: Transport Mechanisms Affecting Flow Regime
Movement of Organics in Soil
The Basics of Soil Pollution
Surface Origins of Soil Pollutants
Gaseous and Airborne Particulate Pollutants
Infiltration of Contaminated Surface Water
Land Disposal of Solid and Liquid Waste Materials
Stockpiles, Tailings, and Spoil
Dumps
Salt Spreading on Roads
Animal Feedlots and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
Fertilizers and Pesticides
Accidental Spills
Composting of Leaves and Other Wastes
Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination
Underground Storage Tanks
Contamination from Oilfield Sites
Contamination from Chemical Sites
Contamination from Geothermal Sites
Contamination from Manufactured Gas Plants
Contamination from Mining Sites
Contamination from Environmental Terrorism and Ecoterrorism
What Is Terrorism?
Terrorism by Any Other Name Is
Standard Dictionary Definition of Terrorism
An Old Cliche on a Terrorist
Hazardous Substances
America: A Throwaway Society
What Is a Hazardous Substance?
Hazardous Wastes
What Is a Hazardous Waste?
Hazardous Waste Legislation
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
CERCLA
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 14 Soil Pollution Remediation
Introduction
USTs: The Problem
Corrosion Problems
Faulty Construction
Faulty Installation
Piping Failures
Spills and Overfills
Compatibility of Contents and Underground Storage Tank
UST Risk Assessment
UST Exposure Pathways
Remediation of UST-Contaminated Soils
In Situ Technologies
In Situ Volatilization
In Situ Biodegradation
In Situ Leaching and Chemical Reaction
In Situ Vitrification
In Situ Passive Remediation
In Situ Isolation or Containment
Non-In Situ Technologies
Land Treatment
Thermal Treatment
Asphalt Incorporation and Other Methods
Solidification or Stabilization
Chemical Extraction
Excavation
Economic Outlook for Soil Remediation
Animal Feeding Operations and Animal Waste Treatment
Manure Treatment
Waste Control Technology
Waste Minimization
Substitution of Inputs
Process Modifications
Good Operating Practices
Recycling
Treatment Technologies
Biological Treatment
Thermal Processes
Activated Carbon Sorption
Electrolytic Recovery Techniques
Air Stripping
Stabilization and Solidification
Filtration and Separation
Ultimate Disposal
Deep-Well Injection
Surface Impoundments
Waste Piles
Landfilling
Green Remediation
Core Elements of Green Remediation
Energy Requirements of the Treatment System
Air Emissions
Water Requirements and Impacts on Water Resources
Land and Ecosystem Impacts
Material Consumption and Waste Generation
Long-Term Stewardship Actions
Green Remediation Techniques
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 15 Pollution and the 21st Century
Glossary
Index
