Contributors xiii
Nomenclature xvii
Introduction xxi
1 Some Representative Palm Pests: Ecological and Practical Data 1
Laurence Beaudoin-Ollivier, Nunzio Isidoro, Josep A. Jaques, Paola Riolo, Mohamed Kamal and Didier Rochat
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 General Features About Palms and their Pests 2
1.3 Crown and Stem Borers 5
1.4 Defoliators of Fronds (= Leaves) 11
1.5 Sap and Frond (= Leaves) Feeders? 17
1.6 Inflorescence and Fruit Borers 20
1.7 Roots 27
1.8 Conclusion 28
References 29
2 Morphology and Physiology of Palm Trees as Related to Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon Infestation and Management 39
Yuval Cohen
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Palms in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin 39
2.3 Palm Morphology and Anatomy 41
2.4 The Palm Crown 42
2.5 The Structure of the Palm Stem 46
2.6 Conclusion 51
References 51
3 Economic and Social Impacts of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon on Palms 54
Alan MacLeod and Mohamud Hussein
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Ecosystem Services Provided by Palms 55
3.3 Impacts and Costs of Mitigation 61
3.4 Conclusion 63
References 64
4 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus: Taxonomy, Distribution, Biology, and Life Cycle 69
Didier Rochat, Oscar Dembilio, Josep A. Jaques, Pompeo Suma, Alessandra La Pergola, Rachid Hamidi, Dimitris Kontodimas and Victoria Soroker
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Taxonomy and Distribution 70
4.3 Biology and Host Plants 73
4.4 Life Cycle and Adaptation to the Temperate and Desert Areas 85
4.5 Conclusion 96
References 97
5 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus: Behavior, Ecology, and Communication 105
Ezio Peri, Didier Rochat, Gregor Belusi¡c, Marko Ili´c, Victoria Soroker, Shay Barkan, Salvatore Guarino, Paolo Lo Bue and Stefano Colazza
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Main Behaviors Involved in Species Dynamics 106
5.3 Chemical Cues 111
5.4 Vision and Visual Cues 119
5.5 Conclusion 124
References 125
6 Paysandisia archon: Taxonomy, Distribution, Biology, and Life Cycle 131
Nunzio Isidoro, Paola Riolo, Elisa Verdolini, Ezio Peri and Laurence Beaudoin-Ollivier
6.1 Introduction 131
6.2 Taxonomy of the Castniidae 131
6.3 Distribution of P. archon 133
6.4 Morphology of P. archon Stages 135
6.5 Biology 137
6.6 Conclusion 145
References 145
7 Paysandisia archon: Behavior, Ecology, and Communication 150
Brigitte Frérot, Rachid Hamidi, Nunzio Isidoro, Paola Riolo, Sara Ruschioni, Ezio Peri, Roberto Romani, Gregor Belusi¡c and Primo? Pirih
7.1 Introduction 150
7.2 P. archon Reproductive Behavior 151
7.3 Host-Finding and Chemical Cues 155
7.4 Visual Cues: Their Roles in Mate and Host Location 160
References 167
8 Natural Enemies of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon 171
Lola Ortega-García, Elisabeth Tabone, Laurence Beaudoin-Ollivier, Dana Ment, Maurane Buradino, Josep A. Jaques, Inmaculada Garrido-Jurado, Oscar Dembilio and Enrique Quesada Moraga
8.1 Introduction 171
8.2 Natural Enemies 172
8.3 Perspectives on Biological Control of R. ferrugineus and P. archon 180
References 181
9 Visual Identification and Characterization of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon Infestation 187
Dimitris Kontodimas, Victoria Soroker, Costas Pontikakos, Pompeo Suma, Laurence
Beaudoin-Ollivier, Filitsa Karamaouna and Paola Riolo
9.1 Introduction 187
9.2 Non-Pathognomonic Symptoms 188
9.3 Pathognomonic Symptoms 191
9.4 Identification of RPWInfestation 201
9.5 Identification of PBM Infestation 202
9.6 Simultaneous Infestation of Both Pests and Co-Occurrence with Other Pests or Diseases 204
9.7 Conclusion 207
References 207
10 Surveillance Techniques and Detection Methods for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon 209
Victoria Soroker, Pompeo Suma, Alessandra La Pergola, Vicente Navarro Llopis, Sandra Vacas, Yafit Cohen, Yuval Cohen, Victor Alchanatis, PanosMilonas, Ofri Golomb, Eitan Goldshtein, Abd El Moneam El Banna and Amots Hetzroni
10.1 Introduction 209
10.2 Acoustic Detection 210
10.3 Chemical Detection 214
10.4 Thermal Detection 218
10.5 Detection of Pest Distribution by Monitoring Traps 220
10.6 Conclusion 226
References 228
11 CPLAS Information Systemas a Monitoring Tool for Integrated Management of Palm Pests 233
Costas Pontikakos, Filitsa Karamaouna, Amots Hetzroni, Dimitris Kontodimas, Victoria Soroker, Frosa Samiou, Yuval Cohen, Stella Giorgoudelli, OuraniaMelita, Stavros Papageorgiou, Paul Benjamin and Eitan Goldshtein
11.1 Introduction 233
11.2 CPLAS Architecture and Functions 234
11.3 Web-mapping Service of CPLAS 251
11.4 Conclusion 252
References 254
12 Control Measures Against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon 255
Josep A. Jaques, Paola Riolo, Neil Audsley, Joan Manel Barroso, Oscar Dembilio, Nunzio Isidoro, Roxana LuisaMinuz, Sandro Nardi, Vicente Navarro Llopis, Laurence Beaudoin-Ollivier and Enrique Quesada Moraga
12.1 Why Control of R. ferrugineus and P. archon is so Difficult: Reasons to Deal with Both of these Pests Together 255
12.2 Current Control Methods 256
12.3 Future Needs and Trends 270
References 271
13 Action Programs for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon 280
Pompeo Suma, Ezio Peri, Alessandra La Pergola, Victoria Soroker, Oscar Dembilio, Paola Riolo and Sandro Nardi
13.1 Introduction 280
13.2 General Measures against all IAS 281
13.3 Threats and Risks presented by IAS:The case of RPWand PBM 282
13.4 The Action Plan as Part of a Global Strategy for the Containment of RPW and PBM Infestations 283
13.5 Analysis of Pest Status and Distribution of RPWand PBM as a Strategy for Detecting Change and Emerging Impacts 283
13.6 Establishing Effective Systems to Assess Risk and Prioritize Management 285
13.7 Definition of an EarlyWarning and Monitoring System 286
13.8 Citizen Involvement in Undertaking Voluntary Measures to Counteract the Spread of RPWand PBM 286
13.9 Setup of an RPWand PBM Portal Online 287
13.10 Development of Funding Mechanisms to Manage RPWand PBM Infestations 287
13.11 Case Studies 288
13.12 Action Programs for Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Areas 294
13.13 Conclusion and Future Outlook 296
References 296
Index 300
