Part 1: Development of Ports ? 1
Chapter 1: History of Ports: The Ten Aims of a Port ? 3
1.1 Ancient Egypt ? 3
1.2 Roman Empire ? 7
1.3 Constantinople ? 12
1.4 Venice and the Mediterranean Merchant Trade ? 15
1.5 Imperial China: Early Ming Dynasty ? 16
1.6 Hanseatic League ? 20
1.7 Historical Drivers of Port Development ? 28
Chapter 2: Driver of Port Business ? 31
2.1 Economic Drivers ? 33
2.2 Political Drivers ? 35
2.3 Logistical Drivers ? 38
2.4 Technical Drivers ? 40
2.5 Financial Drivers ? 44
2.6 The "Port Model" ? 45
2.7 Impact on "Port Master Planning" Process ? 49
Chapter 3: Major Commercial Ports ? 51
3.1 Classification of Ports ? 51
3.2 Container Ports ? 56
3.3 General Cargo Ports ? 61
3.4 Liquid Bulk Ports ? 65
3.5 Dry Bulk Ports ? 67
3.6 RoRo Ports ? 68
3.7 Ferry Ports ? 72
3.8 Passenger Ports ? 73
3.9 Cruise Ports ? 75
Part 2: Ports in Maritime Supply Chain ? 79
Chapter 4: The Role of Ports in Supply Chains ? 81
4.1 Definition "Ports" ? 81
4.2 Port Functions ? 83
4.3 Port Customer Groups ? 84
4.4 Port Cluster ? 86
4.5 "Port" Terms in Common Use ? 87
Port versus Terminal ? 87
Container Port ? 89
General Cargo Port ? 90
Bulk Port ? 90
RoRo Port ? 90
Ferry Port ? 90
Passenger Port ? 91
Cruise Port ? 91
Universal Port ? 91
Dedicated Port/Terminal ? 91
Main Port ? 93
Major Port ? 93
Minor Port ? 94
Hub Port + Feeder Port ? 94
Gateway Port ? 96
Way Port/Zero-Deviation Port ? 97
Transhipment Port + Transit Port ? 97
Regional Port ? 100
Sea Port ? 101
Deep Water Port ? 101
River Port ? 102
Inland Port ? 103
Dry Port ? 103
Free Port ? 103
State Port/Service Port/Public Port ? 104
Autonomous Port ? 104
Tool Port ? 104
Landlord Port ? 104
Private Port ? 105
Industrial Port/Factory Port ? 105
Home Port (Cruise) ? 105
Commercial Port/Noncommercial Port ? 106
Statistical Port ? 106
Big Port ? 106
Chapter 5: Trade & Transportation ? 107
5.1 Macroeconomic Relations ? 107
5.2 Drivers of Global Trade ? 116
Political Alliances and Free Trade Agreements ? 116
Deregulation and Privatization of Public Services ? 117
Distribution of Natural Resources ? 118
Globalization of Sourcing and Production ? 119
Spreading Out of Buyer Markets ? 120
Environmental Awareness ? 121
Innovations ? 122
Integrated Supply Chain Logistics ? 122
5.3 Antitrade Movements/Protectionism ? 123
5.4 Transport Value and Affinity ? 125
5.5 International Commercial Terms ? 131
Chapter 6: Ports in Transportation Chain ? 137
6.1 The Role of Ports in Supply Chain ? 137
6.2 Port Hinterland ? 143
Loco-Potential ? 147
6.3 Ports and Shipping Networks ? 148
Shipping Networks ? 148
Port Networks ? 154
6.4 Port Costs in Transportation Chains ? 161
Chapter 7: Cargoes ? 165
7.1 Port Cargo Categories ? 168
Liquid Bulk ? 171
Dry Bulk ? 173
General Cargo, Break Bulk, Heavy Lift, Oversized ? 174
Container ? 177
RoRo Cargo ? 179
All Cargoes ? 180
7.2 Cargo Measurement ? 183
Linear Measure or Unit of Length: Two-Dimensional ? 184
Solid Measure or Cubic Measure: Three-Dimensional ? 185
Weight Measure/Ton Deinitions ? 185
Billing Systems: Weight + Volume ? 187
Arabesque: Additional "Ton" Definitions ? 189
Unit Measure ? 191
Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) ? 191
Intermodal Transport Unit (ITU) ? 193
Flat or Flat Rack ? 193
RoRo Unit or RoRo Flat ? 193
Car Equivalent Unit (CEU) ? 194
Verified Gross Mass (VGM) ? 195
7.3 Errors in Port Cargo Measurement ? 195
Workflow Difficulties ? 196
Ineffective Enforcement ? 196
Perception that Weight Is Peripheral ? 196
Using Different Standards to Measure ? 197
Statistical Consequences ? 198
Part 3: Port Management ? 203
Chapter 8: Frame Conditions ? 205
8.1 Port Business Environment ? 205
8.2 Basic Management Concepts ? 208
8.3 Port Labor Organization ? 217
8.4 Cultural and Religious Influence ? 220
Chapter 9: Port Commercialization and Privatization ? 223
9.1 Background for Port Reform ? 223
9.2 Commercialization ? 225
9.3 Privatization ? 227
The French Example ? 228
9.4 Ways to Privatize ? 229
Chapter 10: Port Governance ? 233
10.1 Port Authorities ? 233
10.2 Sphere of Activity: The PA-Paradox ? 238
10.3 Objectives of a Port Authority ? 243
10.4 PA Task Overview ? 248
Executive Management ? 248
Strategic Planning ? 249
Engineering and Real Estate ? 251
Access Channel and Turning Basins ? 252
Finance and Administration ? 253
Legal ? 257
Human Resources ? 259
Origination/Business Development ? 259
Public Affairs and Economic Analysis ? 260
Port Security and Emergency Operations ? 261
Terminal Operations (Optional; Often for Smaller Ports) ? 262
10.5 Port Policy and Regulation ? 263
10.6 Intraport Competition ? 266
10.7 Case Studies ? 269
Port of Rotterdam Authority, The Netherlands ? 270
The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, Singapore ? 274
Port of Los Angeles, USA ? 277
Chapter 11: Port Operator ? 283
11.1 Classification ? 284
11.2 Terminal Operator ? 288
11.3 Port Facilities Operator ? 292
11.4 Port Service Operator ? 294
11.5 Global Container Terminal Operator ? 296
11.6 Terminal Operators Growth Path ? 310
Chapter 12: Port Cost Analysis ? 313
12.1 Port Dues ? 316
12.2 Cargo Fees ? 323
12.3 Miscellaneous ? 325
12.4 Port Costs Benchmarking ? 326
Chapter 13: Cargo Demand Forecasting ? 331
13.1 Port Master Plan ? 332
13.2 Demand Forecasting Models ? 335
13.3 Case Studies ? 341
Chapter 14: Financing Port Development ? 345
14.1 Financial Planning ? 348
14.2 Public-Private Partnerships ? 353
Principles of Port Investment Finance ? 354
Financing Structure ? 355
Debt ? 356
Equity ? 357
14.3 Alternative Port Financing and Management Schemes ? 357
Chapter 15: Lobbying ? 361
15.1 Mission of Port Lobbying ? 362
15.2 Players and Target Groups ? 363
15.3 Advocate of Port Policy ? 369
15.4 Port Marketing ? 372
Part 4: Subjects with a Major Impact on
Port Business ? 377
Chapter 16: Increased Economic Efficiency ? 379
16.1 Economies of Scale for Ships and Ports ? 379
Container Vessel Size ? 379
Larger Terminals ? 383
Deep Water ? 384
Dedicated Terminals; Vertical Integration; Concentration ? 385
Horizontal Integration ? 386
16.2 Performance Measurement ? 387
Technical Port and Terminal Indicator ? 387
Trade Indicator ? 389
Weighting Rules ? 391
16.3 Productivity of Container Terminals ? 392
16.4 Overcoming Market Imbalances ? 401
16.5 Port Competition ? 402
Chapter 17: Tendency to Oligopolize ? 405
17.1 "Big Is Beautiful"-Impact of Mega Vessels ? 406
17.2 Vertical Integration of Services ? 410
17.3 Horizontal Integration of Services ? 413
Chapter 18: Affairs of Geostrategic Concern ? 417
18.1 Port Positioning in Global Container Trade ? 417
18.2 Offshore Resourcing ? 421
18.3 OBOR/BRI/New Maritime Silk Road ? 424
18.4 Arctic Shipping ? 427
Chapter 19: Global Maritime Bottlenecks ? 431
19.1 Major Oil Chokepoints ? 431
19.2 Strategic Canals: Panama, Suez, etc. ? 437
19.3 Backlash on Ports ? 445
Chapter 20: Port-City Interface ? 447
20.1 Historic Port-City Relations ? 447
20.2 Regional & City Development Policies ? 450
20.3 Port Industry ? 452
20.4 Cruise Shipping/Tourism ? 455
20.5 Port Hinterland Access ? 457
Chapter 21: Port Community Systems ? 461
21.1 Background of PCS ? 461
International PCS Association-Definitions ? 463
Typical PCS Services ? 464
21.2 Big Data in Port Business ? 465
21.3 Maritime 4.0 ? 468
21.4 Game Changer: Blockchain ? 470
Chapter 22: Environmental Issues ? 473
22.1 Emission Control Areas ? 475
22.2 Bunker Fuel ? 480
Alternatives-LNG, Methanol, and Scrubbers ? 483
22.3 Green Ships ? 484
22.4 Green Ports ? 486
22.5 Marine Environment ? 488
Appendices ? 491
Appendix A: Abbreviations ? 493
Appendix B: Glossary ? 499
Appendix C: Bibliography ? 511
Articles and Working Papers ? 511
Books ? 512
Dissertations and Theses ? 514
Magazines, Newspapers, and Periodicals ? 516
Maritime Statistics ? 517
Private Reports and Documents ? 517
Public Internet Websites (plus date when visited) ? 518
Appendix D: Definition: "Container" ? 521
Index ? 527
