People Flow in Buildings

Symbols and Abbreviations Preface Scope of the book PART I 1. Building design population 1.1 Office building population 1.2 Number of inhabitants in residential buildings 1.3 Number of hotel guests 1.4 People arriving from parking areas 1.5 Population in hospitals 1.6 Other types of populated buildings 2. People counting methods 2.1. Counting technology inside and outside buildings 2.2. Passenger traffic components 2.3. Manual people-counting 2.4. Use of optical vision 2.5. Visitor-counting with photocell signals and infra-red beams 2.6. People-counting with access control system 2.7. Passenger-counting by load-weighing device 2.8. Elevator monitoring systems 2.9. External traffic measurement devices 2.10. Smart sensing and mobile computing 3. Passenger arrival process in buildings 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Poisson arrival process 3.2.1 Probability density function 3.2.2 Example of passenger arrivals through security cages 3.3 Passenger arrivals in batches 3.3.1 Batch arrivals in elevator lobbies 3.3.2 Batch arrivals in escalators 3.3.3 Observed batch size distributions in several building types 3.3.4 Batch size variation in elevator lobbies during the day 3.3.5 Modelling of batch size distribution 4. Daily vertical passenger traffic profiles 4.1 Introduction 4.1 Vertical building traffic components 4.1 Two-way traffic profiles 4.1 Effect of inter-floor traffic 4.1 Occupancy in buildings 4.2 Passenger trips with elevators 4.3 People flow in office buildings 4.3.1 Traffic in offices 4.3.2 Observed daily two-way traffic profiles 4.3.3 Daily traffic profiles with interfloor traffic 4.4 People flow in hotels 4.4.1 Traffic in hotels 4.4.2 Daily traffic profiles in hotels 4.5 People flow in residential buildings 4.5.1 Traffic in residential buildings 4.5.2 Traffic profiles in residential buildings 4.6 People flow profiles in hospitals 4.6.1 Hospital traffic 4.6.2 Daily traffic in hospitals 4.7 People flow in commercial and public buildings 4.7.1 Traffic in commercial and public buildings 4.7.2 Daily people flow in escalators 4.7.3 Daily people flow in elevators in shopping centers 4.7.4 Duration of a visit in a shopping centre 4.7.5 People flow by GPS in public buildings 4.8 People flow on cruise ships 4.8.1 Traffic in cruisers 4.8.2 Daily traffic profiles for typical days 5. Monitored elevator traffic data 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Service quality parameters 5.3 Measured passenger service level 5.3.1 Measured passenger traffic with external device 5.3.2 Call time distribution 5.3.3 Waiting time distribution with destination control 5.3.4 Monthly service times 5.4 Measured elevator performance 5.4.1 Number of starts during a month 5.4.2 Correlation between cycle time and round trip time Part II: People flow solutions 6. Historical overview 7. Push button control systems 7.1 Signal operation 7.2 Single-button collective control 7.3 Down collective control 7.4 Interconnected full collective control principle 8. Collective group control system 8.1 Software-based collective control system 8.2 Bunching 8.3 Next car up 8.4 Dynamic sub-zoning 8.5 Channeling 8.6 Queue selective control system 9. Intelligent group control systems 9.1 Performance requirements 9.2 Control system architectures 10. Artificial Intelligence in elevator dispatching 10.1 Introduction 10.2 AI architectures 10.3 Traffic forecasting 10.4 Fuzzy logic 10.5 Genetic algorithm 10.6 Neural networks 10.7 Optimization objective functions 10.8 Elevator lobby with collective control system 10.9 Hospital service modes 11. Destination control system 11.1 Adaptive call allocation algorithm 11.2 Destination control system 11.3 Hybrid destination control system 11.4 "Harmonized" elevator dispatching 11.5 Elevator lobby with destination control system 12. Multi-car control systems 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Paternoster 12.3 Odyssey 12.4 Double-deck elevators 12.4.1 Functional principle of double-deck elevators 12.4.2 Double-deck collective control 12.4.3 Double-deck destination control 12.4.4 Harmonized dispatching for double-deck elevators 12.5 TWIN 12.6 MULTI 12.7 Other possible multi-car elevator control systems 13. Access control systems 2.11. Application areas 2.12. Access control by an external provider 2.13. Access control embedded in an elevator control 14. Architectural considerations of elevators 14.1 Layouts with conventional control 14.2 Layouts with destination control system 14.3 Dimensions of passenger elevators 14.1 Vertical elevator dimensions 14.2 Lobby arrangement with double-deck elevators 15. Architectural considerations of other people flow solutions 15.1 Escalator arrangements 15.2 Horizontal escalator dimensions 15.3 Vertical escalator dimensions 15.4 Dimensions of moving walkways 15.5 Staircase dimensions 15.6 Building door types Part III: People flow calculation methods 16. Introduction 17. Elevator traffic calculation methods 17.1 Elevator performance parameters 17.2 Elevator handling capacity equation 17.3 Elevator kinematics 17.3.1 Elevator rated speed 17.3.2 Flight time calculation 17.4 Up-peak roundtrip time equations 17.4.1 Uniform passenger arrivals 17.4.2 Poisson arrival process 17.4.3 Uniform arrival process for r-floor elevator jumps 17.4.4 Poisson arrival process for r-floor elevator jumps 17.4.5 Uniform arrival process for elevator jumps between floor pairs 17.4.6 Poisson arrival process for elevator jumps between floor pairs 17.4.7 A generalized roundtrip time formula 17.5 Round trip time related equations 17.5.1 Shuttle elevators 17.5.2 Express zones 17.5.3 Dynamic zoning in up-peak 17.5.4 Unsymmetric elevator groups 17.5.5 Multiple entrance floors 17.5.6 Two-way traffic 17.6 Multicar traffic analysis 17.6.1 Paternoster performance 17.6.2 Double-deck performance 17.6.3 Number of MULTI cabins and shafts 18. Passenger service level 18.1 Queuing theoretical approach 18.1.1 Waiting times 18.1.2 Transit times 18.1.3 Journey time 18.2 Queuing at hot spots 18.3 Egress time with elevators 19. Pedestrian traffic 19.1 People flow density 19.1.1 Level of Service 19.1.2 Human body size 19.1.3 Passenger characteristics 19.1.4 Passenger space demand in elevators 19.2 Escalator handling capacity 19.3 Handling capacity of moving walkways 19.4 People flow in walkways 19.5 People flow in staircases 19.6 People flow in corridors and doorways 19.7 Handling capacities of turnstiles and ticket counters 19.8 Number of destination operation panels Part IV: People flow simulation methods 20. Introduction 21. Traffic simulation methods 21.1 Monte Carlo simulation 21.2 Passenger traffic generation 21.3 Traffic simulation of an elevator group 21.4 Building traffic simulation 21.5 People flow simulation 21.5.1 Simulation software architecture 21.5.2 Passenger routing model 22. Simulation procedure 22.1 Simulated handling capacity 22.2 Initial transient 22.3 Stepwise or ramp arrival profiles 22.4 Traffic patterns 22.4.1 Introduction 22.4.2 Office traffic templates 22.4.3 Hotel traffic templates 22.4.4 Traffic templates of residential buildings 23. Validation of elevator traffic simulation software 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Verification of simulator models 23.3 Validation of the elevator traffic simulator 24. Simulated elevator performance and passenger service level 24.1 Introduction 24.1 Up-peak boosting 24.1.1 Traffic boosting with destination control 24.1.2 Boosting with double-deck system 24.1.3 Effect of elevator group size 24.2 Traffic simulations with diverse control systems 24.2.1 Simulation setup for an example building 24.2.2 Conventional control with single-car elevator system 24.2.3 Destination control with single-car elevator system 24.2.4 Conventional control double-deck system 24.2.5 Destination control double-deck system 24.3 Comparison handling capacities 24.4 Service time distributions with conventional system Part V: People flow planning and evacuation 25. Introduction 26. ISO 8100-32 26.1 Background 26.2 Design process 26.3 ISO calculation method 26.1 ISO simulation method 26.2 Selection of rated load based on mass 26.3 Selection of rated load based on area and mass 27. Design criteria 27.1 ISO 8100-32 design criteria 27.2 BCO design criteria for offices 27.3 Other design criteria 28. Elevatoring low and mid-rise buildings 28.1 Offices 28.2 Hotels 28.3 Residential buildings 28.4 Hospitals 28.5 Parking areas 29. People transportation in commercial and public buildings 29.1 Mass transits 29.2 Public transportation buildings 29.3 Commercial buildings 29.4 Observation decks 30. Elevatoring tall buildigs 30.1 Background 30.2 Zoning of supertall buildings 30.3 Example zonings of a supertall building 30.4 Arrangements with zoning from the ground 30.4.1 Elevator arrangement selection with ISO simulation method 30.4.2 Elevator group lobby layouts 30.4.3 Main entrance core areas 30.5 Sky lobby arrangement 30.5.1 Double-deck shuttle elevators 30.5.2 Multi-car shuttle elevators 30.5.3 Elevator selection with ISO simulation method 30.5.4 Elevator group loofbby layouts 30.5.5 Main entrance core areas for sky lobby arrangements 31. Core space of different arrangements 32. Building evacuation 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Egress time calculation in building design 32.2.1 Background 32.2.2 Egress by stairs 32.2.3 Egress by elevators 32.3 Generic emergency evacuation types 32.3.1 Non-fire emergency evacuation 32.3.2 Fire evacuation modes 32.3.3 Scenatio configuration from BMS 32.4 Elevator evacuation-related standards and guidelines 32.4.1 Evacuation elevator requirements 32.4.2 Firefighters lifts - EN 81-72:2015 32.4.3 Evacuation of disabled persons using lifts - CEN/TS 81-76:2011 32.4.4 Occupant Evacuation Operation - ASME A17.1:2013 32.4.5 Elevators used to assist in building evacuation - ISO/TS 18870:2014 32.5 Evacuation strategies of megatall buildings 32.5.1 Introduction 32.5.2 Jeddah Tower 32.5.3 Shanghai Tower 32.5.4 Royal Clock Tower, Makkah 32.5.5 One World Trade Center, New York 33. How high can we go? Epilogue Bibliography Glossary