Part 1 Relativism: five varieties of cognitive relativism. Part 2 Incommensurability: Kuhn's changing concept of incommensurability (appendix - incommensurability and the indeterminacy of translation; Kuhn's ontological relativism; taxonomic incommensurability. Part 3 Untranslatability: in defense of untranslatability (appendix - translation and languagehood); incommensurability, translation and understanding. Part 4 Rationality: the problem of rational theory choice; judgement and rational theory choice. Part 5 Naturalism: rationality, relativism and methodological pluralism; normative naturalism and the challenge of relativism; Popper's metamethodological conventionalism and the turn to naturalism.