Contributors. Editorial preface. Section I: Biological models of anxiety. 1. The psychoneurology of fear: evolutionary perspectives and the role of animal models in understanding human anxiety (J. Panksepp). 2. Biological models of panic disorder (J.M. Gorman, L. Papp and D.F. Klein). 3. Biological models of panic disorder and agoraphobia: theory and evidence (J. Margraf and A. Ehlers). 4. Testing new antianxiety agents: pharmacology and biochemistry (S.E. File). Section II: Biochemical studies in anxiety. 5. The GABA A -benzodiazepine receptor: biology and pharmacology (W.E. Haefely). 6. Serotonin and anxiety (D.J. Nutt and D.T. George). Catecholamines and anxiety (T.R. Norman, F.K. Judd and G.D. Burrows). Section III: Clinical studies - panic, generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. 8. Towards a biochemistry of panic disorders: a critique of platelet studies (T.R. Norman, G.D. Burrows and F.K. Judd). 9. Obsessive-complusive disorder and anxiety (D.L. Murphy, T.A. Pigott and T.R. Insel). 10. Positron emission tomography in the study of panic disorder and anticipatory anxiety (E.M. Reiman). 11. Brain defense systems and anxiety (F.G. Graeff). 12. Anxiety and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (T.D. Geracioti Jr., K.T. Kalogeras, T.A. Pigott, M.A. Demitrack, M. Altemus, G.P. Chrousos and P.W. Gold). 13. Anxiety and the thyroid axis (G.M. Gillette, J.C. Carbutte and A.J. Prange Jr.). 14. Genetics of anxiety and its clinical implications (S. Torgersen). 15. Drug studies and biochemical etiology of anxiety (R.T. Joffe and R.P. Swinson). Section IV: Normal anxiety . 16. Anxiety and cognitive functioning (M.W. Eysenck). Section V: Overview. 17. Anxiety disorders - normal, pathological and episodic: a dilemma for aetiology (M. Roth). Subject Index.