Keeping a fleet in being; invaders and settlers - Danes and Normans, English and French in the North Sea and the Channel, 1000-1250; Christians, Muslims and Crusaders - naval warfare in the Mediterranean at the time of the Crusades; the Channel powers in the 14th century; the 15th century - the rise and fall of the first royal navy?; Venetians and Turks - naval operations in the Mediterranean, 1300-1500.
