Normal development - puberty, adolescence, pregnancy, atrophy; abnormalities of development - accessory nipples and breast, amazia, hypertrophy, gynaecomastia; diagnostic methods - aspiration cytology, trucut biopsy, frozen section, localisation of mammographic abnormalities, steroid receptors, milk fat globulin receptors; benign disorders - subcutaneous tissues, nipple areolar complex, nipple retraction and discharge, infections, benign and cystic mastopathy, fibroadenomata, phylloides tumours; malignant disease - locoregional recurrent disease, distant metastases.