Der Kontext der Publikation über die Muslimbruderschaft (Wolfram Reiss)
Abstracts
I Sisis starker Staat: Von der Revolution zur Repression in Ägypten (Markus Bickel)
1 Einleitung
2 Vom SCAF zu den Islamisten
3 Der Sieg des Polizeistaats
4 Stabilität statt Demokratie
5 Massaker und Menschenrechtsverletzungen
6 Austausch der Autokraten
7 Kampf gegen den Terror
8 Kollektives arabisches Erwachen
9 Friedhofsruhe, kein Frühling
Bibliographie
II Gewalt gegen Islamisten: Der Fall der ägyptischen Muslimbruderschaft (Martina Schmidl)
Abkürzungsverzeichnis
1 Einleitung
1.1 Der Begriff "Gewalt"
1.2 Islamismus, islamischer Fundamentalismus, politischer Islam - eine Begriffsklärung
1.3. Inhaltliche Schwerpunkte und Besonderheiten
2 Abriss der historischen Entwicklung der Muslimbruderschaft bis Anwar as-Sadat
2.1 Historische Gegebenheiten: Ägypten in den 1920ern
2.2 Die Gründung der Muslimbruderschaft
2.3 Die Muslimbruderschaft als politischer Akteur
2.3.1 Der zweite Weltkrieg
2.3.2 Nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg
2.4 Die Auflösung der Muslimbruderschaft
2.4.1 Die Ermordung Hasan Bannas
2.4.2 Die erneute Zulassung der Muslimbruderschaft
2.5 Die Muslimbruderschaft und Nasir
2.5.1 Kooperation
2.5.2 Entzweiung und Auflösung
2.5.3. Saiyid Qutb und die Organisation 1965
2.6 Die Muslimbruderschaft und Muhammad Anwar as-Sadat
2.7 Zusammenfassung
3 Die Haltung der Muslimbruderschaft zu Gewalt
3.1 Hasan al-Banna
3.2 Saiyid Qutb
3.3 Der Weg zur offiziellen Gewaltlosigkeit
4 Husni Mubarak und die Muslimbruderschaft - Von Duldung zu Ächtung
4.1 Die Muslimbruderschaft in den 1980ern
4.2 Die Muslimbruderschaft in den 1990ern
4.3 Die Muslimbruderschaft in den ersten Jahren des 21. Jhdts.
4.3.1 Wahlen 2000
4.3.2 Wahlen 2005
4.3.3 Wahlen 2010
4.4 Zusammenfassung
5 Der "Arabische Frühling", die Muslimbruderschaft und das Militär
5.1 Die Hintergründe des "Arabischen Frühlings" in Ägypten
5.1.1 Die Muslimbruderschaft und der "Arabische Frühling"
5.2 Nach dem Rücktritt Mubaraks
5.3 Die Parlamentswahlen 2011/2012
5.3.1 Die Partei der Muslimbruderschaft
5.3.2 Der Ablauf der Wahlen
5.4 Regierungsarbeit
5.5 Nach den Wahlen ist vor den Wahlen - die Präsidentschaftswahlen 2012
5.5.1 Die Auflösung der verfassungsgebenden Versammlung
5.5.2 Die Nominierung Muhammad Mursis
5.5.3 Die Auflösung des Unterhauses
5.5.4 Die Stichwahl
5.6 Mursi als Präsident
5.7 Die präsidiale Machtübernahme
5.7.1 Die Verfassung 2012
5.8 Der zweite Jahrestag der Proteste gegen Mubarak
5.9 Die Verfassung in der Praxis
5.10 Die Absetzung Mursis
5.11 Widerstand von Seiten der Muslimbruderschaft
5.11.1 Mehrheitlich zivile Zusammenstöße
5.11.2 Konflikte mit den Sicherheitsbehörden
5.11.3 Religiös motivierte Angriffe
5.12 Unterdrückung und Verfolgung - das (erneute) Verbot der Muslimbruderschaft
5.13 Die neue Verfassung
5.14 Gerichtsverhandlungen bis März 2014
5.15 Conclusio
6 Gesamtsicht auf die Entwicklung der Muslimbruderschaft / Summary of "Violence against Islamists: The Case of the Muslim Brotherhood"
Bibliographie
Anhang 1: Deklaration von über der Verfassung stehenden Prinzipien
Anhang 2: Verfassungsdeklaration des SCAF 2012
III From Islamophobia to Islamistophobia: Framing Islamic Movements in Egyptian Newspapers from 2011 Revolution until 2013 Coup (Aisha Essam El-Haddad)
List of Tables
List of Figures
1 Introduction
1.1 Who Are Islamists?
1.1.1 Terms and Definitions
1.1.2 Reasons for Islamism
1.1.3 Islamism Relation to Islam
1.1.4 Difference between Islamists
1.2 Egypt after the Revolution
1.2.1 March 2011 Referendum
1.2.2 Clashes between the Military and Protestors
1.2.3 Parliamentary Elections
1.2.4 Constituent Assemblies
1.2.5 Presidential Election
1.2.6 Morsi's Constitutional Declaration and the Referendum on the Constitution
1.2.7 July 3 Coup
1.3 Egyptian Islamic Movements
1.3.1 The Muslim Brotherhood
1.3.2 The Salafi Call
1.4 Egyptian Press
1.4.1 Mubarak Era
1.4.2 Post-Revolution Media and SCAF
1.4.3 Under Morsi
1.4.4 After the Coup
2 Literature Review
2.1 Framing Muslims
2.1.1 Diversity and Change in Framing Muslims
2.1.2 Reasons and Consequences of Muslims Framing
2.2 Framing Islamists
2.2.1 Framing Islamists in the Egyptian Media
3 Theoretical Framework: Framing Theory
3.1 Framing and Agenda-Setting
3.2 Media Framing Process
3.3 Frame Production
3.4 Framing Bias
3.5 Framing Effects
3.6 Framing, Political Power, and Public Opinion
3.7 Research on Framing
3.8 Types of Frames
3.8.1 Media Frames and Audience Frames
3.8.2 Analytical and Judgment Frames
3.8.3 Episodic and Thematic
3.8.4 Issue-Specific Frames and Generic Frames
3.8.5 Inductive and Deductive Approaches to Framing
4 Methodology
5 Results
5.1 Topic
5.2 Islamists Covered
5.3 Photo Content
5.4 Reference to Islamists
5.5 Reference to Opponents of Islamists
5.6 Sourcing
5.7 Coverage Direction towards Islamists
5.7.1 The Muslim Brotherhood/Freedom and Justice Party
5.7.2 The Salafi Call/Al-Noor Party
5.7.3 Other Salafi Parties and Movements
5.7.4 Al-Gama'a Al-Islamiyya or Al-Bena' w Al-Tanmia Party
5.7.5 Abu Ismail Supporters/Al-Raya Party
5.7.6 Al-Wasat Party
5.7.7 Islamists in General
5.8 Dominant Frames in Covering Islamists
5.9 Framing the MB/FJP
5.10 Framing the Salafi Call/Al-Noor Party
5.11 Dominant Frames Used with Other Islamist Movements and Parties
5.12 Framing Islamists and the Salafis When Mentioned in General
5.13 Frames and Newspaper Ownership Type
5.14 Frames and Level of Media Professionalism
5.15 Dominant Frames and Roles of Islamists
5.16 Difference in Framing Different Islamic Movements
6 Discussion
7 Conclusion
7.1 Limitations
7.2 Future Research
7.3 Recommendations
References
Appendix A: Content Analysis Coding Scheme
Appendix B: Intercoder Reliability
About the Authors
Abstracts
Sisi's Strong State - From Revolution to Repression in Egypt (Markus Bickel)
Markus Bickel describes the fall of Egypt's revolution after the coup d'état of then army chief Abd al Fattah al-Sisi in July 2013. All the hopes for a peaceful democratic change which liberal and Islamist actors who stood behind the uprising against Hosni Mubarak held, have been shattered since then - with tens of thousands kept in Egyptian prisons and hundreds more shot by police and army forces all across the country. With local franchises of the "Islamic State" (IS) spreading to the Sinaipeninsula and major cities such as Alexandria and Cairo, President Sisi has so far succeeded in winning the West for his self-declared war against all shades of the Islamist scene - making no distinction between peaceful members of the Muslim Brotherhood and Jihadi groups. Without social progress his model of stability without transparency nor participatory elements to pacify the opposition his autocratic rulership is doomed to fail.
Violence against Islamists: The Case of the Muslim Brotherhood (Martina Schmidl)
This paper deals with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in its violent interaction with outside agents. In this context, violence by, but also against the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt is under scrutiny. While the focus of the investigation lies on a detailed treatment of the events leading up to and following the Arab Spring in Egypt in 2011 until the spring of 2014, historical developments since the founding of the organisation in 1928 are also summarised - though less extensively - to provide ample context for attitudes on and the implementation of violence. Historically speaking, violence has mostly been connected to political activities of the organisation, which is why this study focuses on this aspect of the brotherhood. Its attitude towards violence is not only investigated in practical, historical terms, but also in the treatment of violence by important thinkers of the movement - as well as discrepancies between the two. In this context, opinions of leaders of the brotherhood on violence are given, with emphasis placed on the attitudes of Hasan al-Banna and Saiyid Qutb.1
From Islamophobia to Islamistophobia: Framing Islamic Movements in Egyptian Newspapers after the January 25th Revolution (Aisha Essam El-Haddad)
This study examined how Egyptian newspapers framed Egyptian Islamic movements in the two years following the January 25, 2011 revolution. A content analysis was conducted on four newspapers including the state-owned Al-Ahram and three private newspapers representing different levels of professionalism: Al-Masry Al-Youm, Al-Youm Al-Sabea' and Al-Dostor. The total sample consisted of 197 front-page news articles. Results indicated that Egyptian newspapers predominantly associated Islamism with negative values. Among the top five frames that dominated Egyptian newspapers coverage of Islamists - "antidemocracy", "politically organized",v"violence", "polarization", and "anti-revolution" - four were negative. The study found framing differences across Islamic groups, especially between the Muslim Brotherhood and the Salafi Al-Noor party. Negative framing was more common in private newspapers scoring lower on professional and ethical standards. Results suggest that Islamists were already framed negatively before they reached power, and when their political roles changed framing became more negative. The study provides a reference point for future comparisons with the framing of Islamic movements in Egypt following the removal of President Mohammed Morsi on July 3, 2013.
