PART 1 GENERAL PRINICPLES of THORACOSCOPY and LAPAROSCOPY: Evolution of Minimally Invasive Surgery: Thoracoscopy and Laparoscopy, Spinal Endoscopy, Video-Assisted Spinal Surgery: Laboratory Protocol. Anesthetic Considerations: Thoracoscopy, Laparoscopy. Equipment and Instrumentation for Thoracoscopy and Laparoscopy. Basic Concepts and Operative Planning: Thoracoscopic Surgery, Laparoscopic Discectomy. Training and Credentialing. PART II FUNDAMENTALS of ENDOCOPIC SPINE SURGERY: Indications and Contraindications. Equipment and Instrumentation for Endoscopic Spine Surgery. Complications. Anatomy and Exploration: Thoracoscopic Anatomy of the Spine, Laparoscopic Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine PARTIII SURGICAL TECHNIQUES: Endoscopic Approach Strategies. Approach to the Lumbar Spine Without Insufflation. Biopsy of Discs, Vertebrae, And Paraspinal Mass. Thoracic Discectomy and Fusion Commentary. Thoracolumbar Spinal Corpectomy. Adult Spinal Deformity. Pediatric Spinal Deformity: Pediatric Thoracoscopic Spinal Surgery, Alternative Technique for Thoracoscopic Releases in Pediatric Patients, Commentary. Thoracolumbar Discectomy. Laparoscopic Lumbar Retroperitoneal and Transperitoneal Discectomy Commentary. Arthroscopic Microdiscectomy. Posterolateral Approach. Lumbosacral (L5-S1) Discectomy and Interbody Fusion Technique. Spinal Instrumentation : the Bagby and Kuslich (BAK) System of Spinal Stabilization, Laparoscopic Fusion and BAL Stabilization of the Lumbar Spine, Endoscopic Applications of the BAK System. Newer Applications of Spinal Instrumentation: Endoscopic Internal Fixation of the Thoracic Spine, Artificial Discs, Endoscopic Approach to the Lumbar Spine Using the Insufflation Technique, Endoscopic Thoracic Fusion Cage
