Insects and thistles

Introduction

The resident fauna of thistle heads

Stem-borers and leaf-miners

Insects on the outside of the plant

Insect herbivores: biological control

Identification:

Key 1 Arthropods inside thistle heads

Key II Insect larvae and pupae inside stems and roots

Key III Insects larvae and pupae in leaves

Key IV Insect adults, larvae and pupae on the outside of the plant:

IV.1 Hemiptera adults and nymphs

IV.2 Lepidoptera adults

IV.3 Diptera adults

IV.4 Coleoptera adults and larvae

Techniques

References and further reading

Index