Introduction to Diseases, Diagnosis, and Management of Dogs and Cats

Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments

Section A
Introduction of diseases

1. General aspects of introduction to diseases, diagnosis, and management of dogs and cats
Ranbir Singh Jatav, Aditya Pratap, Nitin Vaishnav, and Neha Sharma

1. Introduction
2. Diagnosis and management of various diseases of dog and cat
2.1 General systemic condition
2.2 Diseases of cardiovascular system
2.3 Diseases of digestive system
2.4 Diseases of respiratory system
2.5 Diseases of urinary system
2.6 Diseases of nervous system
2.7 Deficiency diseases
2.8 Dermatological disorder
2.9 Endocrine disorder in dogs and cats
2.10 Neonatal diseases
2.11 Bacterial diseases
2.12 Viral disease
2.13 Fungal disease of dogs and cats
2.14 Parasitic diseases of canine and feline
2.15 Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats
2.16 Hereditary diseases in dogs and cats

2. Biological system of dogs and cats and its clinical management
Avnish Kumar Gautam, Manoj Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, and Anil Kumar

1. Introduction
2. Musculoskeletal system of dog and cat
2.1 Skull
3. Digestive system
3.1 Salivary glands
3.2 Pharynx
3.3 Esophagus
3.4 Stomach
3.5 Small intestine
3.6 Large intestine
3.7 Liver
3.8 Pancreas
4. Respiratory system
5. Male reproductive organs of dog and cat
6. Female reproductive organs of bitch and queen
7. Mammary glands
8. Urinary system
9. Endocrine system
10. Sense organ
10.1 Ear
10.2 Clinical importance of surface anatomy
11. Common disorders of dog and its clinical management
12. Common endoparasitic infestation in dogs and cats
13. Common disorders of cat and its clinical management
14. Vaccination schedule: Dogs and puppies
15. Feline vaccination schedule
References

3. Nutritional strategies of dogs and cats
Amitava Roy, Abhishek Pathak, Alok Mishra, and Tanmoy Rana

1. What is nutritionally balanced dog food?
1.1 Balanced dog food should meet your dog's energy requirements
2. Protein in dog food
2.1 Sources of protein in dog food
2.2 What does crude protein mean?
2.3 How much protein does my dog need?
2.4 Can dogs be allergic to certain proteins?
2.5 Taurine in cats
3. Fat in dog food
3.1 Sources of fat in dog and cat food
4. Carbohydrates in dog food
4.1 Fiber from carbohydrates
4.2 Sources of carbohydrates
4.3 How much carbohydrates require for dog?
5. Vitamins in dog food
5.1 Which vitamins do dogs need?
5.2 Do dogs need vitamin supplements?
6. Minerals in dog food
6.1 Which minerals do dogs need?
7. Water requirements for dogs
8. Homemade balanced dog food?
8.1 The right puppy food?
9. Classification of pet food based on the nutrient content
9.1 Complete food
9.2 Complementary food
9.3 Mixer biscuit
9.4 Snack/treat
10. Dog food recommendations for overweight dogs
11. Nutritional strategy to prevent disease in healthy dogs and cats
11.1 Feeding the healthy dog and cat
11.2 How much to feed?
11.3 How to feed?
11.4 What to feed?
References

4. Clinical examination and diagnostic perspectives in dogs and cats
Manisha Mehra, Omprakash Singh, and Jaykumar Desai

1. Introduction
2. Noninvasive diagnostic tests
3. Invasive pathology test
3.1 Complete blood count (CBC)
3.2 Blood biochemistry
3.3 Blood parasites in dogs
3.4 Urine analysis
3.5 Dog and cat fecal exams
References

5. Maintenance of fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base therapy in dogs and cats
Abhishek Pathak, Satya Pal Singh, Raktim Saikia, and Preeti Bisht

1. Introduction
2. Body Fluid compartments
2.1 Total body water
2.2 Extracellular fluid volume
2.3 Intracellular fluid volume
3. Regulation of electrolytes and body fluids
3.1 Effective circulating volume or ECV
3.2 Antidiuretic hormone
3.3 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis
3.4 Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
4. Physiology of acid-base balance
4.1 Metabolic acidosis
4.2 Respiratory acidosis
4.3 Metabolic alkalosis
4.4 Respiratory alkalosis
4.5 Mixed acid-base imbalances
4.6 Anion gap
5. Assessment of imbalances
5.1 Dehydration (water depletion)
5.2 Overhydration (water excess)
5.3 Sodium
5.4 Potassium
5.5 Chloride
6. Clinical features of fluid and electrolyte balance
6.1 History
6.2 Clinical signs
7. Clinical and pathological indicators of fluid and electrolyte imbalance
7.1 Total plasma protein and packed cell volume
7.2 Hyponatremia
7.3 Hypernatremia
7.4 Serum potassium
7.5 Serum chloride
7.6 Osmolality
8. Purpose of fluid therapy
9. Type of fluids
10. Routes of administration
11. Monitoring fluid therapy
12. Contraindications for fluid therapy
13. Discontinuation of fluid therapy
14. Conclusion
References

6. Collection, preservation processing, and dispatch of samples for disease diagnosis in dogs and cats
P. Gumasta, R.C. Ghosh, P.M. Sonkusale, and P. Kumar

1. Introduction
2. Collection and preservation of specimen for histopathology examination
3. Collection and preservation of specimen for bacteriological examination
4. Collection and preservation of specimen for virological examination
5. Collection and preservation of specimen for toxicological examination
6. Collection procedure of different biological material/specimen
7. Processing and dispatch of material
8. Essential pathological tests for diagnosis of disease in dogs and cats
8.1 Hematology
8.2 Postmortem examination
8.3 Serology
8.4 Molecular diagnosis
8.5 PCR
8.6 Reverse transcriptase RT-PCR
8.7 Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, or qPCR)
8.8 Cytopathology
8.9 Histopathology

7. Necropsy procedure and basic laboratory methods in dogs and cats
Sanjiv Kumar

1. Necropsy procedure
1.1 Postmortem procedure
2. Basic laboratory diagnostic procedures
2.1 Blood examination
2.2 Differential leucocyte count (DLC)
2.3 Interpretation of DLC
3. Urine analysis
3.1 Collection of urine
3.2 Physical examination of urine
3.3 Chemical examination of urine
3.4 Microscopic examination of urine
3.5 Cultural examination of urine
4. Diagnostic cytology
4.1 Collection of specimens
4.2 Fixation of the specimen
4.3 Papanicolaou staining
4.4 Interventional cytopathology
5. Diagnostic histopathology
5.1 Cryo-sectioning/frozen sectioning
5.2 Paraffin embedding technique
5.3 Hematoxylin and eosin staining
6. Parasitological examination
6.1 Examination of mites
6.2 Examination of specimens
6.3 Examination of fecal sample
7. Clinical biochemistry
7.1 Hyperbilirubinemia
8. Bacteriological examination
8.1 Isolation of pure culture by streak plate method
8.2 Gram staining of bacteria
8.3 Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc method
9. Fungal examination
9.1 Sample collection
9.2 Lactophenol cotton blue staining of fungi in wet mounts

Section B
Clinical diseases of dogs and cats

8. Behavioral disorders of dogs and cats
Abrar Ul Haq

1. Introduction
2. Noise-related anxiety
3. Aggression
4. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
6. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD)
7. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
8. Behavior problems and pain
9. Issues with vomeronasal organ and behavior
10. Heart diseases and behavioral issues
11. Some adverse outcomes of drugs prescribed for behavioral disorders
References

9. Respiratory diseases of dogs and cats
Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh

1. Introduction 115
2. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system in dogs and cats
2.1 The structure and function of the upper respiratory tract (nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx)
2.2 The structure and function of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)
2.3 The role of the respiratory system in gas exchange and regulation of blood pH
3. Pathogenic agents that cause respiratory diseases in dogs and cats
3.1 Overview of common pathogens causing respiratory diseases
3.2 Modes of transmission for respiratory pathogens
4. Host defense mechanisms in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats
4.1 Mucociliary clearance
4.2 Immune response
4.3 Inflammatory response
4.4 Antimicrobial peptides
5. Common respiratory diseases in dogs
5.1 Canine infectious respiratory disease complex
5.2 Canine influenza
5.3 Canine distemper
5.4 Canine parainfluenza virus
6. Common respiratory diseases in cats
6.1 Feline upper respiratory infection
6.2 Feline asthma
6.3 Feline calicivirus
6.4 Feline herpesvirus-1
7. Recent advancement in the respiratory disease diagnosis
7.1 Immunological and pathological aspects
7.2 Biological and chemical analysis
7.3 Genetic and cellular aspects
7.4 Physiological aspects
7.5 Clinical aspects
7.6 Environmental and behavioral aspects
7.7 One health aspects
7.8 Economic and societal aspects
8. Conclusion and future directions
References

10. Urinary system diseases of dogs and cats
Ramesh Putchakayala and Haritha G S

1. Introduction
2. Urinary tract infections in dogs and cats
2.1 Bacterial urinary tract infection
2.2 Fungal urinary tract infection
2.3 Viral urinary tract infection
3. Clinical signs
4. Diagnosis
5. Treatment
6. Urolithiasis
6.1 Clinical signs and diagnosis
6.2 Treatment and management of uroliths
7. Urinary tract tumors
8. Chronic kidney disease
8.1 Clinical signs
8.2 Diagnosis
8.3 Management of CKD
8.4 Prognosis of CKD
9. Acute kidney injury
References

11. Diseases of the reproductive system of male dogs and cats
Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Sunita Choudhary, and Hemlata

1. Diseases of testes and epididymis
1.1 Cryptorchidism
1.2 Orchitis/epididymitis
1.3 Brucellosis
1.4 Testicular neoplasm
1.5 Testicular torsion/spermatic cord torsion
2. Diseases of the prostate
2.1 Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia
2.2 Prostatitis
2.3 Prostatic cysts
2.4 Prostatic neoplasia
3. Diseases of penis and prepuce
3.1 Balanoposthitis
3.2 Phimosis and paraphimosis
3.3 Priapism
3.4 Penile neoplasia
References

12. Autoimmune diseases of dogs and cats
Ahmed Abd El-Fattah Daha

1. Induction of autoimmunity
2. Normal immune responses
2.1 Antigens hidden in cells or tissues (cryptic antigens)
2.2 Antigens generated by molecular changes
2.3 Receptor editing
3. Abnormal immune responses
3.1 Failure of regulatory control
3.2 Infection-induced autoimmunity
3.3 Microchimerism
4. Predisposing factors
4.1 Genetic predisposition
4.2 Breed predispositions
4.3 Intestinal microbiota
5. Mechanisms of tissue damage in autoimmunity
5.1 Type I hypersensitivity
5.2 Type II hypersensitivity
5.3 Type III hypersensitivity
5.4 Type IV hypersensitivity
6. Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease in dogs and cats
6.1 Dog autoimmune disease
6.2 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
6.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
6.4 Autoimmune skin disease
6.5 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
6.6 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)
6.7 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
6.8 Addison's disease
6.9 Lymphocytic thyroiditis
6.10 Myasthenia gravis
6.11 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
6.12 Polymyositis
6.13 Autoimmune masticatory myopathy
6.14 Cat autoimmune disease
6.15 Granulomatous diseases of infectious etiology
6.16 Gammopathies (dysproteinemias or paraproteinemias)
6.17 Polyclonal gammopathy
6.18 Monoclonal gammopathy
6.19 Organ-specific autoimmune diseases
7. Hormonal influence on autoimmunity
8. Primary vs secondary autoimmune disease
8.1 Drugs and vaccines as triggers for autoimmunity
8.2 Environmental triggers of autoimmunity
8.3 Infectious triggers of autoimmunity
8.4 Inflammatory response might lead to damage
9. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity
10. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity
10.1 Antinuclear antibody test
References

13. Diseases of cardiovascular system of dogs and cats
S. Yogeshpriya

1. Introduction
2. Congenital heart diseases
2.1 Subaortic stenosis
2.2 Pulmonic stenosis (PS)
2.3 Dysplasia of the atrioventricular valves (DAV)
2.4 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
2.5 Ventricular septal defects (VSD)
2.6 Tetralogy of fallot (TF)
2.7 Eisenmerger's syndrome (ES)
2.8 Atrial septal defects (ASD)
2.9 Atrioventricular canal defects (AVC)
3. Acquired heart diseases
3.1 Diagnosis
3.2 Thoracic radiography
3.3 Electrocardiography
3.4 Cardiac catheterization
3.5 Echocardiography
3.6 Doppler echocardiography (DE)
3.7 Cardiac biomarker
3.8 Treatment
3.9 Common drugs used
References

14. Diseases of reproductive system of female dogs and cats
Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Amit Kumar, and Sandeep Dholpuria

1. Diseases of ovary
1.1 Ovarian cyst
1.2 Ovarian remnant syndrome
1.3 Ovarian neoplasia
2. Diseases of uterus
2.1 Cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex
2.2 Metritis
2.3 Subinvolution of placental sites
2.4 Uterine neoplasia
3. Diseases of vagina
3.1 Vaginal fold prolapse
3.2 Vaginal neoplasia
4. Other diseases
4.1 Canine pseudopregnancy
References

15. Diseases of endocrine system in dogs and cats
Ambica Gadige, Aruna Maramulla, Mohanambal Kaliyan, Anil Kumar Banothu, and Satish Kumar Karlapudi

1. Introduction
2. Hypothyroidism
2.1 Anatomy and pathophysiology
2.2 Clinical signs
2.3 Diagnosis
2.4 Treatment
3. Hyperthyroidism
3.1 Clinical signs
3.2 Diagnosis
3.3 Treatment
4. Diabetes mellitus
4.1 Factors and pathophysiology
4.2 Clinical signs
4.3 Diagnosis
4.4 Treatment
5. Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) (or) Cushing's syndrome
5.1 Factors and pathophysiology
5.2 Clinical signs
5.3 Diagnosis
5.4 Treatment
6. Hypoadrenocorticism (or) Addison's disease
6.1 Clinical signs
6.2 Therapy
7. Primary hypoparathyroidism
8. Primary hyperparathyroidism
9. Secondary hyperparathyroidism
10. Hyperaldosteronism in cats
11. Sex-hormone dermatoses
12. Hyperestrogenism
13. Hyperandrogenism
14. Immune-mediated endocrine deficiency syndromes
References

16. Diseases of the nervous system of dogs and cats
G.K. Chetan Kumar, A. Ashwini, C Sunita, and R.S. Sagar

1. Introduction
2. Cells of the nervous system
2.1 Neurons
2.2 Neuroglial cells or supporting cells
3. Cranial nerves
4. Diagnosis of neurological problems in dogs and cats
4.1 History and signalment
4.2 Physical examination
4.3 Neurological examination
4.4 Test on blood and serum
4.5 Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
4.6 Electroencephalography (EEG)
4.7 Electromyography (EMG)
4.8 Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)
4.9 Spinal cord evoked response
4.10 Routine radiography
4.11 Myelography
4.12 Computed tomography (CT)
4.13 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
4.14 Surgical biopsy
5. Common affections of the nervous system in small animals
5.1 Epilepsy
5.2 Paralysis
5.3 Meningitis/encephalitis/meningoencephalitis
5.4 Encephalomalacia
References

17. Diseases of integument system of dogs and cats
Mahmuda Malik, Chandra Prakash Dixit, Jove Jacob, and Sushanta Goswami

18. Gastrointestinal disorders of dogs and cats
Justin Davis Kollannur, A. Javed Jameel, and Sunitha Choudhary

1. Esophageal disorders
1.1 Megaesophagus
1.2 Esophagitis
1.3 Esophageal strictures
1.4 Esophageal foreign bodies
1.5 Esophageal tumors
1.6 Gastroesophageal intussusception
1.7 Vascular ring anomalies
1.8 Dysautonomia
2. Gastric disorders
2.1 Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV)
2.2 Gastritis
2.3 Gastric/peptic ulceration
3. Diseases of small intestine
3.1 Protein-losing enteropathy
3.2 Intestinal obstruction
3.3 Intussusception
3.4 Dysmotility
4. Disorders of large intestine
4.1 Colitis
4.2 Acute colitis
4.3 Chronic enteropathy
4.4 Constipation, obstipation, and megacolon
References

19. Occular manifestation of infectious and noninfestious disease of dogs and cats
Burhan Nabi, Jehanzeb Yousuf, S.R. Upadhyay, and Rajiv Singh

1. Introduction
2. Systemic diseases with ocular manifestation
2.1 Canine distemper
2.2 Infectious canine hepatitis
3. Feline herpesvirus
4. Ocular problems in canines and felines due to endocrine disease
4.1 Diabetes mellitus
4.2 Hyperadenocorticism (Cushing's disease)
4.3 Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease)
4.4 Growth hormone disorders
4.5 Hypothyroidism
4.6 Hyperthyroidism
4.7 Calcium disorders
References

20. Diseases of ear in dogs and cats
Ambica Gadige, Srujan Racharla, Lokesh Lella, and Anil Kumar Banothu

1. Introduction
2. Anatomy of ear of dogs and cats
2.1 Anatomy of external ear
2.2 Anatomy of middle ear
2.3 Anatomy of internal ear
3. Diseases of external ear
3.1 Diseases of external ear
3.2 Aural hematoma
4. Disease of middle ear (or) otitis media
4.1 Risk factors
4.2 Clinical signs
4.3 Diagnosis
4.4 Treatment
5. Disease of inner ear (or) otitis interna
6. Deafness
6.1 Causes of deafness
6.2 Diagnosis
6.3 Therapy
7 Aural neoplasia
References

21. Overview on diseases of blood and hematopoietic system in dogs and cats
K. Karthika and S. Poobitha

1. Hematopoietic system in animals
2. Red blood cells in animals
2.1 Absolute erythrocytosis
2.2 Anemia in dogs and cats
3. White blood cells in animals
3.1 Decreased hematopoietic marrow cell production
3.2 Five distinct stages in the process of phagocytosis have been identified
4. Lymphocytes in animals
5. Platelets in animals
5.1 Thrombocytopathies
5.2 Bleeding disorders in dogs and cats
5.3 Primary hemostasis
5.4 Secondary hemostasis
5.5 Diseases of primary hemostasis
5.6 Disorders of coagulation
6. Neoplasia of the myeloid system
6.1 Lymphoid system neoplasia
6.2 Anatomic pattern
6.3 Leukemic form (lymphocytic leukemia)
6.4 Other miscellaneous forms of malignant lymphoma
6.5 Histologic classification
References 319

22. Diseases and disorders of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and cats
K. Karthika and P.K. Ramkumar

1. Myopathies
2. Myositis
2.2 Causes
2.3 Tendinitis
3. Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders
4. Bone disorders in dogs
4.1 Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
4.2 Pediatric bone diseases (panosteitis)
4.3 Avascular necrosis of the femoral head
4.4 Multiple cartilaginous exostosis
4.5 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
5. Joint disorders in dogs
5.1 Clinical signs of musculoskeletal disorders
5.2 Lameness examination
6. Congenital musculoskeletal disorder
7. Immune-mediated arthritis
7.1 Myopathies
8. Canine diskospondylitis
9. Therapy for musculoskeletal system disorder
9.1 Applications in the musculoskeletal system
10. Musculoskeletal disorders of cats
10.1 Inherited and developmental disorders
10.2 Bone disorders in cats
10.3 Joint disorders in cats
10.4 Muscle disorders in cat
11. Diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and cats
11.1 Diagnostic approach
11.2 Therapeutic management
11.3 Ultrasonic beam therapy
References

23. Geriatric diseases of dogs and cats
Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh

1. Introduction
2. Neural basis of cognitive decline in domestic dogs and cats during aging
2.1 Brain structure and function in aging
3. Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in aging
3.1 Inflammatory pathways: Linking chronic inflammation to age-related diseases
3.2 Oxidative stress
4. Skin and coat changes
4.1 Understanding and managing skin problems in geriatric dogs and cats
5. Changes in body weight and condition
6. Musculoskeletal changes
6.1 Sarcopenia
6.2 Osteoarthritis
6.3 Osteophytosis
7. Metabolic dysregulations: The interplay of aging and chronic diseases
7.1 Diabetes mellitus
7.2 Obesity
7.3 Fatty liver disease
8. Oral and gingival diseases
9. The role of the gut microbiome
10. Respiratory tract changes
11. Understanding the pathobiology of cardiac senescence: Heart diseases
11.1 Dilated cardiomyopathy
11.2 Valvular heart disease (VHD)
11.3 Atrial fibrillation
11.4 Arrhythmias
11.5 Treatments for geriatric cardiovascular health
12. Aging-associated nephropathy: Exploring renal function dynamics and pathophysiology
12.1 Renal structure and function
12.2 Hormonal changes
12.3 Toxin and oxidative stress
12.4 Urologic changes
13. Changes to the endocrine system
14. Age-related hearing and vision loss
14.1 Pathophysiology of geriatric audiovisual impairment
14.2 Diagnostic approaches for geriatric audio-visual impairment
14.3 Treatment and management of geriatric audio-visual impairment
14.4 Prevention of geriatric audio-visual impairment
15. Fueling the aging process: The latest research on nutrition and geriatric disease prevention
15.1 Innovative orthopedic therapeutic approaches for geriatric arthritis management
15.2 Advances in geriatric nutritional therapies: Integrating genomics and emerging interventions
15.3 Early detection and multimodal oncologic treatment
15.4 Pathophysiology and evidence-based treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders
15.5 Mitigating age-associated cognitive decline: Neuroprotective interventions
15.6 Benefits of therapeutic massage and acupuncture
15.7 The role of mental stimulation and exercise for geriatric pets
16. Conclusions
References

24. Neoplasms in dog and cat
Devendra Kumar Gupta, Randhir Singh, Nidhi Gupta, and Kshemankar Shrman

1. Benign neoplasms
2. Malignant neoplasms
3. Hemopoietic system neoplasm
4. Etiology
5. Signs and symptoms of neoplasm
6. Diagnosis
7. Clinical staging
7.1 TNM system
7.2 Overall staging
8. Therapeutic approaches
9. Management of toxicities
10. Common neoplasms in dogs and cats
10.1 Lymphoma
11. Anatomical classification
11.1 Multicentric lymphoma
11.2 Mediastinal lymphoma
11.3 Gastrointestinal lymphoma
11.4 Hepatic lymphoma
11.5 Cutaneous lymphoma
11.6 Ocular lymphoma
11.7 Nervous system lymphoma
11.8 Pulmonary lymphoma
11.9 Atypical forms of canine lymphoma
11.10 Evaluating dogs with lymphoma: Staging
11.11 Therapy
11.12 Chemotherapy
11.13 Glucocorticoid
11.14 Single-agent therapy
11.15 Multiagent therapy
11.16 Rescue protocols
11.17 Lymphoma in cats
12. Mammary tumor
13. Hemangiosarcoma
14. Mast cell tumors
15. Sarcoma
16. Squamous cell carcinomas
17. Mouth and nose cancer
18. Papilloma
19. Canine transmissible venereal tumors
References

25. Diseases of hepatobiliary system of dogs and cats
M. Saravanan and P.K. Ramkumar

1. Introduction
2. Clinical anatomy and physiology of hepatobiliary system
3. Pathophysiology hepatobiliary disorders
3.1 Portal hypertension
3.2 Refractory ascites
3.3 Stages of liver diseases
4. Diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders
4.1 Signalment
4.2 Food
4.3 Drugs/medication
4.4 Previous diseases illness
4.5 Clinical signs
4.6 Laboratory examination
5. Treatment and management
5.1 Treatment for ascites
5.2 Management of hepatic encephalopathy
5.3 Drug induced toxicity
5.4 Other medications
5.5 Nutritional management
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References

26. Common toxicological phenomenon in dogs and cats
Rashmi Rajashekaraiah and U. Sunilchandra

1. Acetaminophen
2. Acetone
3. Amitraz
4. Anticoagulant rodenticide
5. Arsenic
6. Bleaching powder
7. Detergents, soaps, and shampoos
8. Ethanol
9. Grapes and Raisins
10. Homemade and commercial play dough
11. Honey bees, wasps, and hornets
12. Iron
13. Lead
14. Metaldehyde
15. Methylxanthines: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline
16. Mothballs
17. Mushroom poisoning
18. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides
19. Paintballs
20. Plant poisoning
21. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids
22. Silica gel containing desiccant packs
23. Snake poisoning
24. Toad poisoning
25. Xylitol
26. Zinc phosphide
27. Prevention
References

27. Anesthesia and pain management in dogs and cats
Falguni Mridha

1. Preanesthetic preparation
1.1 Preparation of the animals on the day before experiment
1.2 Preparation of the animals prior to experiment
2. Vein cannulation
2.1 Endotracheal intubation during anesthesia
2.2 Monitoring
3. Postanesthetic care
4. General anesthesia
4.1 Preanesthetic agents
5. Parenteral anesthetic agents
5.1 Barbiturates
5.2 Nonbarbiturate agents
5.3 Inhalational anesthesia
5.4 Local and regional anesthesia
6. Pain management in dogs and cats
7. Management of pain
7.1 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
7.2 Others
8. Pain management by some alternative solutions
8.1 Physical rehabilitation
8.2 Thermal therapy
8.3 Laser therapy
8.4 Extracorporeal shockwave therapy
8.5 Therapeutic ultrasound
8.6 Electrotherapy
8.7 Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy
8.8 Acupuncture
8.9 Therapeutic exercise
8.10 Hydrotherapy
8.11 Massage
References

28. Drugs in therapeutic application of dogs and cats
Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor

1. Introduction
2. Therapeutic applications of drugs
2.1 Challenges and benefits of different routes of drug administration
3. Drugs used for the treatment of diseases in dogs and cats
3.1 Use of antibiotics
3.2 Antiviral treatment
3.3 Antiparasitic drugs
3.4 Antifungal drugs
3.5 Immunosuppressive drug therapies for dogs and cats
3.6 Supportive drugs used in dogs and cats
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

29. Nutritional and metabolic diseases of dogs and cats
Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh

1. Overview of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats
1.1 Epidemiology and prevalence
1.2 Common nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats
1.3 Diabetes mellitus
1.4 Kidney disease
1.5 Inflammatory bowel disease
1.6 Pancreatitis
1.7 Liver disease
1.8 Hyperthyroidism
1.9 Hypothyroidism
1.10 Dental disease
2. Factors influencing nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats
2.1 The impact of breed-specific characteristics on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases
2.2 The effects of aging on the development and progression of nutritional and metabolic diseases
2.3 The influence of gender and sex hormones on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
2.4 The impact of social and environmental factors on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases
2.5 The impact of climate change on the prevalence and distribution of nutritional and metabolic diseases
3. Mechanisms of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats
3.1 The impact of gut microbiota on the development of metabolic diseases
3.2 The role of gut hormones on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
3.3 The influence of bile acid metabolism and the farnesoid X receptor on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases
3.4 The role of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in the development and progression of metabolic diseases
3.5 The effects of oxidative stress and antioxidants on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
3.6 The impact of endogenous and exogenous stressors on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
3.7 The role of glucocorticoid signaling and stress response pathways in the development of metabolic diseases
3.8 The impact of the kynurenine pathway and tryptophan metabolism on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
3.9 The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the regulation of immune function and the development of metabolic diseases
3.10 The influence of histone modifications and DNA methylation on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases
3.11 The effects of nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptional regulators on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
3.12 The influence of transcriptional coregulators and chromatin remodeling complexes on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases
3.13 The impact of lipoprotein metabolism and apolipoprotein expression on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases
3.14 The effects of alternative splicing and mRNA stability on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases
3.15 The impact of mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
3.16 The influence of the unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation on protein quality control and the development of metabolic diseases
3.17 The impact of mitochondrial oxidative stress and the electron transport chain on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
3.18 The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and xenobiotic metabolism in the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
3.19 The role of noncoding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases
3.20 The influence of circadian rhythms on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
3.21 The role of autophagy in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
3.22 The impact of the gut-brain axis on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases
3.23 The impact of gut dysbiosis on nutrient metabolism
3.24 The effects of exercise and physical activity on nutrient metabolism and the prevention of metabolic diseases in dogs and cats
4. Conclusion and future directions
References

Section C
Infectious diseases of dogs and cats

30. General introduction of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
Abhishek Kalundia

1. Introduction
2. Modes of transmission of infectious diseases
3. Factors affecting the susceptibility and severity of an infectious disease
4. Infectious agents in dogs and cats
4.1 Bacteria
4.2 Rickettsiae
4.3 Mycoplasma
4.4 Virus
4.5 Fungi
4.6 Parasites
5. Clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases
6. Treatment of infectious diseases
7. Prevention and control
Acknowledgments
References

31. Clinical signs and symptoms of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
Abhishek Kalundia

1. Introduction
2. General clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
2.1 Acute collapse
2.2 Abdominal enlargement
2.3 Anorexia
2.4 Behavioral changes
2.5 Lethargy and weakness
2.6 Hyperthermia and pyrexia
2.7 Epistaxis, sneezing, and nasal discharge
2.8 Oral and dental problems
2.9 Ear problems
2.10 Lumps and bumps
2.11 Lesions of the paw
2.12 Problems related to the anus, perineum, and tail
3. System-wise clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
3.1 The cardiovascular system
3.2 The gastrointestinal system
3.3 The eye
3.4 The hematopoietic and lymphoreticular system
3.5 The integumentary system
3.6 The hepatobiliary system pancreas and spleen
3.7 The musculoskeletal system
3.8 The nervous system
3.9 The peritoneal cavity
3.10 The reproductive system
3.11 The respiratory system
3.12 The urinary system
Acknowledgments
References

32. Parasitic diseases of dogs and cats
Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor

1. Introduction
2. Zoonotic and economic importance of parasitic diseases
3. Role of ectoparasites in the transmission of infections
4. Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats
4.1 Toxoplasmosis
4.2 Giardiasis
4.3 Babesiosis
4.4 Hepatozoonosis
4.5 Neosporosis
5. Internal parasitic diseases of dogs and cats
5.1 Dirofilariasis (heartworm disease)
5.2 Leishmaniasis
5.3 Toxocariasis
5.4 Ancylostomiasis
6. Ectoparasites infesting dogs and cats
6.1 Scabies
7. Control of parasitic diseases in dogs and cats
8. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

33. Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia diseases of dogs and cats
Nourhan Eissa

1. Introduction
1.1 Mycoplasma infections in dogs and cats
1.2 Rickettsial infections in dogs and cats
1.3 Chlamydial infections in dogs and cats
2. Conclusion
References

34. Bacterial diseases of dogs and cats
Abbas Rabiu Ishaq

1. Introduction
2. Salmonellosis
2.1 Cause
2.2 Hosts
2.3 Spread
2.4 Clinical signs
2.5 Pathology
2.6 Diagnosis
2.7 Treatment
2.8 Prevention
3. Colibacillosis
3.1 Cause
3.2 Hosts
3.3 Spread
3.4 Pathogenesis
3.5 Clinical signs
3.6 Pathology
3.7 Diagnosis
3.8 Differential diagnosis
3.9 Treatment
3.10 Prevention
4. Klebsiellosis
4.1 Cause
4.2 Hosts
4.3 Spread
4.4 Clinical signs
4.5 Pathology
4.6 Diagnosis
4.7 Treatment
5. Yersiniosis
5.1 Cause
5.2 Hosts
5.3 Spread
5.4 Pathogenesis
5.5 Clinical signs
5.6 Pathological findings
5.7 Diagnosis
5.8 Treatment
5.9 Differential diagnoses
5.10 Prevention
6. Bartonellosis
6.1 Cause
6.2 Hosts
6.3 Spread
6.4 Pathogenesis
6.5 Clinical signs
6.6 Pathology
6.7 Diagnosis
6.8 Treatment
6.9 Prevention
7. Tularaemia
7.1 Cause
7.2 Hosts
7.3 Spread
7.4 Pathogenesis
7.5 Clinical signs
7.6 Pathology
7.7 Diagnosis
7.8 Treatment
7.9 Prevention
8. Campylobacteriosis
8.1 Cause
8.2 Hosts
8.3 Spread
8.4 Pathogenesis
8.5 Clinical signs
8.6 Pathology
8.7 Diagnosis
8.8 Treatment
9. Listeriosis
9.1 Cause
9.2 Hosts
9.3 Spread
9.4 Pathogenesis
9.5 Clinical signs
9.6 Pathology
9.7 Diagnosis
9.8 Treatment
9.9 Prevention
10. Nocardiosis
10.1 Cause
10.2 Hosts
10.3 Spread
10.4 Pathogenesis
10.5 Clinical signs
10.6 Pathology
10.7 Differential diagnosis
10.8 Diagnosis
10.9 Treatment
11. Staphylococcal infections
11.1 Cause
11.2 Hosts
11.3 Spread
11.4 Pathogenesis
11.5 Clinical signs
11.6 Pathology
11.7 Diagnosis
11.8 Treatment
11.9 Prevention
12. Streptococcal infections
12.1 Cause
12.2 Hosts
12.3 Spread
12.4 Pathogenesis
12.5 Clinical signs
12.6 Pathology
12.7 Diagnosis
12.8 Treatment
12.9 Prevention
13. Tetanus
13.1 Cause
13.2 Hosts
13.3 Spread
13.4 Pathogenesis
13.5 Clinical signs
13.6 Differentials
13.7 Diagnosis
13.8 Prevention
13.9 Treatment
14. Pasteurellosis
14.1 Cause
14.2 Hosts
14.3 Spread
14.4 Clinical signs
14.5 Diagnosis
14.6 Treatment
14.7 Prevention
15. Clostridium perfringens infection
15.1 Cause
15.2 Hosts
15.3 Spread
15.4 Clinical signs
15.5 Diagnosis
15.6 Treatment
16. Clostridium difficile infection
16.1 Cause
16.2 Hosts
16.3 Spread
16.4 Pathogenesis
16.5 Clinical signs
16.6 Diagnosis
16.7 Treatment
17. Brucellosis
17.1 Cause
17.2 Spread
17.3 Hosts
17.4 Pathogenesis
17.5 Pathology
17.6 Clinical signs
17.7 Diagnosis
17.8 Treatment
17.9 Prevention and control
18. Helicobacter infections
18.1 Cause
18.2 Hosts
18.3 Spread
18.4 Pathogenesis
18.5 Clinical signs
18.6 Pathology
18.7 Diagnosis
18.8 Treatment
19. Pseudomoniasis
19.1 Cause
19.2 Hosts
19.3 Spread
19.4 Pathogenesis
19.5 Clinical signs
19.6 Diagnosis
19.7 Treatment
Acknowledgments
References

35. Fungal diseases of dogs and cats
Nourhan Eissa

1. Introduction
2. Mechanisms of immunosuppression in dogs and cats
3. Opportunistic fungal infections
3.1 Phaeohyphomycosis
3.2 Hyalohyphomycosis
3.3 Eumycotic mycetoma
3.4 Microsporum canis
3.5 Sporothrix brasiliensis
3.6 Aspergillosis
3.7 Mucormycosis
3.8 Candidiasis
3.9 Blastomycosis
3.10 Histoplasmosis
3.11 Coccidiomycosis
3.12 Cryptococcosis
3.13 Paracoccidioidomycosis
4. Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses
5. Diagnosis and treatment of mycotic infections in dogs and cats
6. Conclusion
References

36. Common viral diseases of dogs and cats
Mohammad Bashir Aliyu

1. Viral diseases of dogs
1.1 Canine adenovirus
1.2 Influenza virus-H3N8, H3N2
1.3 Canine parainfluenza virus
1.4 Canine reovirus
1.5 Coronavirus
1.6 Rotavirus infection
1.7 Astrovirus infection
1.8 Calicivirus infection
1.9 Canine parvovirus infection
1.10 Canine bocaparvovirus
1.11 Louping illness
1.12 Pseudorabies
1.13 Rabies
1.14 Canine distemper
2. Viral diseases of cats
2.1 Feline herpes virus
2.2 Feline calicivirus
2.3 Feline leukemia virus
2.4 Feline distemper/feline panleukemia
2.5 Feline coronavirus
2.6 Feline immunodeficiency virus
References

37. Zoonotic diseases of dogs and cats
Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey

1. Viral diseases
1.1 Rabies
1.2 Noroviruses
2. Fungal diseases
2.1 Dermatophytosis
3. Parasitic diseases
3.1 Toxoplasmosis
3.2 Leishmaniosis
3.3 Giardiasis
3.4 Echinococcosis
3.5 Sarcoptes scabiei
3.6 Cheyletiella blakei
3.7 Cutaneous larva migrans
3.8 Visceral larva migrans
3.9 Ocular larva migrans
4. Bacterial diseases
4.1 Brucellosis
4.2 Leptospirosis
4.3 Bordetella bronchiseptica
4.4 Campylobacteriosis
4.5 Capnocytophaga infection
4.6 Coxiella burnetii infection
4.7 Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus
4.8 Salmonella
4.9 Staphylococcus intermedius
4.10 Yersinia enterocolitica
4.11 Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)
4.12 Plague (Yersinia pestis)
References

38. Drug resistance of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
Amna Shakoor, Furqan Munir, and Muhammad Tahir Aleem

1. Introduction
2. Emerging drug resistance leads to global threat and its economic importance
3. Accelerating factors responsible for drug resistance of infectious diseases of companion animals
3.1 Role of mutation
3.2 Antigenic shift and antigenic drift
3.3 Misuse of antimicrobial drugs
3.4 Emergence of new pathogenic variants
4. Antimicrobial drug resistance in dogs and cats
4.1 Antibacterial drug resistance
4.2 Antifungal drug resistance
4.3 Vaccinal resistance
5. Emergence and spread of resistance in the drugs used against parasitic infections of dogs and cats
5.1 Antiprotozoal drug resistance
5.2 Anthelminthic drug resistance
6. Possible ways to conserve drug efficacy and prevent drug resistance
7. Future perspective
8. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

39. Diagnostic techniques of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
Amita Dubey, Maneesh Jatav, Amita Tiwari, and Yamini Verma

1. Clinical pathological techniques
2. Microbiological techniques
3. Necropsy and histopathological technique
4. Diagnostic interpretation of common diseases in dogs and cats
4.1 Bacterial diseases
4.2 Viral diseases
4.3 Fungal diseases
4.4 Other diseases
4.5 Canine anaplasmosis infection
4.6 Dogs
4.7 Cats

40. One Health approach of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey

1. Introduction
2. Bordetella bronchiseptica
3. Brucella
4. Campylobacter
5. Capnocytophaga
6. Coxiella burnetii
7. Rabies
8. Noroviruses
9. Leptospira
10. Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus
11. Pasteurella
12. Salmonella
13. Staphylococcus intermedius
14. Yersinia enterocolitica
15. Zoonotic diseases of cats
16. Campylobacteriosis
17. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)
18. Cat tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)
19. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.)
20. Giardiasis (Giardia duodenalis)
21. Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala)
22. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
23. Plague (Yersinia pestis)
24. Rabies
25. Ringworm
26. Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)
27. Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)
28. Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix spp.)
29. Tick-borne diseases
30. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
31. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
32. Prevention
33. Conclusion
References

41. Prevention and control of infectious diseases
Ranjini Manuel

1. Introduction
2. Domesticated populations
2.1 Canine population
2.2 Feline population
3. Factors influencing infectious diseases progression and its prevention
3.1 Hosts
3.2 Pathogen
3.3 Transmission
3.4 Methods of transmission
3.5 Environment
3.6 Maintenance of disease
3.7 The classical triad: Agent-hostenvironment relationship
3.8 Immunoprohylaxis
4. Disease control and prevention strategies
4.1 Doing nothing
4.2 Quarantine
4.3 Euthanasia
4.4 Vaccination
4.5 Therapeutic chemotherapy
5. Conclusion
References

Index