Medical Imaging Techniques

Systems Considerations.- Health Planning for a New Technology: Computerized Tomography Planning Issues in 1975 and 1976.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Information Needs of Health Planners.- 3. Effect of CT on Alternative Diagnostic Neurologic Procedures.- 4. Health Planning Issues.- 4.1 Equipment Selection Criteria.- 4.2 Early Instrument Obsolescence.- 4.3 Diffusion of CT Scanning Systems.- 4.4 Geographic Location.- 5. Planning Approach.- 5.1 Areawide Planning for CT Scanning Systems.- 5.2 Assessment of Areawide Need.- 5.3 Guidelines for Procurement of Initial CT Scanner.- 5.4 Guidelines of Procurement of Additional Scanners.- 5.5 Body Scanner Applications.- 6. References.- An Overview of Government Regulation of the Use of Computed Tomography through 1978.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Health Planning - The Health Resources Administration.- 2.1 The Certificate-of-Need Process (CON).- 2.2 National Guidelines for CT.- 3. Reimbursement Policy - The Social Security Administration.- 4. Performance and Safety Standards - The Food and Drug Administration.- 5. Legislative Assistance Groups.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- Multiple Endpoints in the Assessment of Non-Invasive Technology.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Non-Invasive Technology for Clinical Chest Diseases.- 1.2 Assessment of Medical Technology.- 2. Levels of Technology.- 3. Health Services Delivery Systems.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- The Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods of Procedure.- 2.1 The Diagnostic Information Obtained by the Investigation.- 2.2 The Therapeutic Consequence of Establishing or Excluding a Diagnosis.- 2.3 Discomfort and Risk to the Patient.- 2.4 Economic Cost.- 3. Evaluation of Diagnostic Information.- 4. The Direct Method.- 5. The Indirect Method.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- The Impact of Technology on Health Care Productivity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pitfalls of Inflexible Policies.- 3. Impact of Current Technology.- 3.1 Ultrasound.- 3.2 Nuclear Medicine.- 3.3 New Skills.- 4. Trend Toward Decentralization of Services.- 5. Summary.- Clinical Results.- Scintigraphy, Ultrasound, and CT Scanning of the Liver.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Nuclear Medicine Imaging.- 1.2 Ultrasound Imaging and Computed Tomography.- 2. Comparison.- 2.1 Metastases.- 2.2 Diffuse Abnormalities.- 2.3 Ascites.- 2.4 Biliary Tree.- 2.5 Gallstones.- 3. Discussion.- 4. References.- Comparison Between Conventional Rectilinear and Multiplane Tomographic Nuclear Imaging of the Liver.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. Acknowledgements.- 7. References.- A Preliminary Report on Computed Tomography of the Thorax and Abdomen.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1 Liver.- 3.2 Effusions.- 3.3 Pancreas.- 3.4 Kidneys.- 3.5 Aorta.- 3.6 Gallbladder and Bile Ducts.- 3.7 Retroperitoneal Abnormalities.- 3.8 Mediastinal Masses.- 3.9 Bony Abnormalities.- 3.10 Breast.- 4. Discussion.- Ultrasonic Imaging of Neoplasms.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Accepted Uses of Ultrasound in Detection.- 2.1 Gynecological Tumors.- 2.2 Abdominal Lymph Nodes.- 2.3 Retroperitoneal Masses.- 2.4 Tumors of the Pancreas.- 2.5 Other Gastrointestinal Tumors.- 2.6 Liver Metastases.- 2.7 Neoplasms of the Kidney.- 2.8 The Thyroid Gland.- 3. Analysis of Ultrasound Patterns of Tumors.- 4. Diagnostic Ultrasound in the Management of Tumors.- 5. References.- Computed Tomography of the Liver and Biliary Tract.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Normal Liver and Biliary Tract.- 3. The Abnormal Liver and Biliary Tract.- 3.1 Space-Occupying Hepatic Lesions.- 3.2 Jaundice.- 3.3 Gallbladder Disease.- 4. Discussion.- 5. References.- Computed Tomography of the Liver.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1 Normal Liver.- 3.2 Tumors.- 3.3 Cysts.- 3.4 Cirrhosis.- 3.5 Abcess.- 3.6 Obstructive Jaundice.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1 Contrast Agents.- 4.2 CT Biopsy.- 4.3 Transhepatic Cholangiography.- 5. References.- Echographic Diagnosis of Lesions of the Abdominal Aorta and Lymph Nodes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Abdominal Aorta.- 2.1 Modern Echographic Procedure.- 2.2 Echographic Measurement.- 2.3 Echographic Measurements in the Management of Aneurysms.- 2.4 Method of Examination.- 2.5 Diagnostic Procedure.- 2.6 A Few Pitfalls.- 2.7 Differential Diagnosis of Large Abdominal Lymph Nodes.- 2.8 Indications for Procedure.- 2.9 Reliability.- 2.10 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms.- 2.11 Inferior Vena Cava.- 3. Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Enlargement.- 3.1 Development of Examination Procedure.- 3.2 Acoustic Nature of Lymph Nodes.- 3.3 Distribution.- 3.4 Outlining of Radiation Ports.- 3.5 Indications.- 3.6 Differential Diagnosis.- 4. Summary.- 5. Acknowledgements.- 6. References.- Research Topics.- The Use of Computerized Tomography in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nodules.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Standard Management of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule.- 3. The Use of CT - Material and Methods.- 3.1 Read a CT Scan from Magnetic Tape or Disk.- 3.2 Isolate a Pathological Region in the CT Scan.- 3.3 Generate the Frequency Distribution and Histogram.- 3.4 Determine Pathological Boundaries.- 3.5 Estimate Volume.- 3.6 Produce Subtraction Images.- 4. Results.- 4.1 An Illustrative Case Study.- 4.2 Comment.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- Image Processing of Computerized Tomographic Scans.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Limitations of CT Scanning.- 1.2 Limitations of Human Visual Perception.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. The Sigma Scan Image.- 4. Specific Case Studies.- 5. Discussion.- 6. Acknowledgements.- 7. References.- Determination of Organ Volume.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Kidney Volume Determination.- 3. Liver Volume Determination.- 3.1 Results.- 3.2 Case Studies.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging of the Heart, Lungs, and Circulation by Roentgen-Video Computed Tomography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Summary.- 6. Acknowledgements.- 7. References.- A Digital Moving Target Indicator System for Detection of Intracranial Arterial Echoes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. System Description.- 3. Results.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- Relationship of Images of Acoustic Refractive Index and Attenuation to Tissue Types within Excised Female Breast.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Method of Procedure.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. Acknowledgements.- Feasibility of NMR Zeugmatographic Imaging of the Heart and Lungs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Potential Applications in Medical Diagnostic Imaging.- 3. Preliminary Experiments.- 3.1 NMR Properties of Lung Tissue.- 3.2 NMR Properties of Myocardial Tissue.- 4. Physical Limitations.- 5. Acknowledgements.- 6. References.- Mutual Impedivity Spectrometry and the Feasibility of its Incorporation into Tissue-Diagnostic Anatomical Reconstitution and Multivariate Time-Coherent Physiological Measurements.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Impedivity Measurement and Display.- 2.1 Display Methodology.- 2.2 Transfer Impedance.- 2.3 Reconstruction Techniques.- 2.4 Synchronization Methods.- 2.5 Multidimensional Data Display.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. References.- Tutorials.- Basic Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Principles.- 2.1 Frequencies Employed.- 2.2 Production of Ultrasound.- 2.3 Intensity of Ultrasound.- 2.4 The Reflection Process.- 2.5 Resolution of Ultrasound Systems.- 2.6 Tissue Attenuation and TGC.- 2.7 Types of Reflectors.- 2.8 Gray-scale Systems.- 2.9 Scanning Techniques in Gray-scale Ultrasonography.- 2.10 Recording Systems.- 2.11 Real-Time Ultrasound Systems.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. References.- Nuclear Medicine Imaging.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Imaging Modalities.- 1.2 Detection Systems.- 2. The Imaging Problem.- 2.1 Resolution.- 2.2 Imaging Performance.- 3. Imaging Concepts.- 3.1 Sources of Noise in the Nuclear Medicine Image.- 4. The High Purity Germanium (HPGe) Camera.- 4.1 Comparative Sensitivity.- 4.2 Contrast Resolution.- 4.3 Comparative Imaging.- 5. Tracers.- 6. Discussion.- 7. References.- Algorithms in Computerized Tomography.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 The Reconstruction Problem.- 1.2 The Reconstruction Paradigm.- 2. Reconstruction Algorithms.- 2.1 Transform Methods - Parallel Geometry.- 2.2 Transform Methods - Divergent Geometry.- 2.3 Series Expansion Methods.- 3. Comparison of Algorithms.- 4. Impact on Medicine.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- Scanning Methods and Reconstruction Algorithms for Computerized Tomography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Scanning Modes.- 2.1 Translation and Rotation Mode Using a Pencil Thin Collimated X-ray Beam.- 2.2 Translation and Rotation Mode Using a Fan-Beam X-ray Technique.- 2.3 Rotation Mode Using a Larger Fan Beam.- 3. Picture Reconstruction Algorithm.- 3.1 Parallel Algorithm: Algebraic, Convolution and Fast Fourier Transformer.- 3.2 Fan Algorithm.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- Principles of Signal Analysis with Applications to Medical Imaging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Early Work.- 2.1 Investigations by Mountford and Wells.- 3. Signal Analysis Theory and Methods.- 3.1 Signal Regimes.- 3.2 Tissue Signatures.- 4. Experimental Data.- 4.1 Materials and Methods.- 4.2 Transducer Calibration.- 4.3 In Vivo Recording.- 4.4 Case Study (Human).- 4.5 Case Study (Animal).- 5. Acknowledgements.- 6. References.- Author Index.