Evolution of DNA - biotechnology and biodiversity; genome analysis, DNA profiling and positional cloning strategies of legume nodulation genes; biotechnology - the challenges ahead; the mechanism of aluminium toxicity and tolerance in higher plants; phylogeny of frankia and related genera (geodermatophilus, acidothermus, sporichthya, blastococcus and actinoplanes) and population biology; biotechnological approaches for insect pest control in crop plants; biodiversity management in the implementation of the operational forest management plan for Bara District, Nepal; regional collaboration on biodiversity and ICIMOD activities; genetic diversity and nitrogen fixation in alnus nepalensis; selection of native soybean bradyhizobium isolates - utilization of biodiversity to increase biological nitrogen fixation; azospirillum wheat association.