5. Phase Contrast Microscopy. General principles. Typical phase contrast system. Imaging properties. Nomenclature. Highly sensitive phase contrast devices. Alternating phase contrast systems. Phase contrast systems with continuously variable image contrast. Phase contrast microscopy by using interference systems. Stereoscopic phase contrast microscope. Phase contrast for incident light. How and where to use the phase contrast microscope. 6. Amplitude Contrast, Dark-Field, Optical Staining, Modulation Contrast, and Other Related Techniques. Amplitude contrast technique. Oblique illumination, dark-field microscopy, and related techniques. Optical staining. Modulation contrast microscopy. Monoobjective stereoscopic microscopy. 7. Differential Interference Contrast. Background and principles of DIC microscopy. Nomarski DIC microscopy. Video-enhanced DIC microscopy. Differential interference contrast microscopy with continuously variable wavefront shear. A DIC microscope for testing cross-sections of optical fibres. 8. Reflection Contrast Microscopy. Optical principles of AC microscopy. Instrumentation of RC microscopy. Applications of RC microscopy. 9. Fluorescence Microscopy. General principles and types of fluorescence microscopy. Immunofluorescence microscopy. Instrumentation of fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescence combined with other microscopical techniques. Laser fluorescence microscopy. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Surgical fluorescence microscopy. Fields of application of fluorescence microscopy. 10. Ultraviolet and Infrared Microscopy. Observation of UV- and IR-images. UV microscopy and its applications. IR microscopy and its applications. Thermal microscopy. 11. Holographic Microscopy. A bird's eye view of the history of holographic microscopy. Principles of holographic microscopy. Holographic microscopy without objective lenses. Holographic microscopy combined with objective lenses. Problems of coherent noise elimination for holographic microscopy. Holographic interference microscopy. Holographic phase contrast microscopy. Applications of holographic microscopy. 12. Laser Projection, Scanning, and Other New Microscope Systems. Laser projection microscope with brightness amplifier. Scanning optical microscopy. Nonlinear microscopy with second harmonic generation. Raman microscopy. Optoacoustic and photothermal microscopy. Epilogue to Volume 2. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index. Plates.
