Physics of Heart and Circulation,

The Heart in our Body. Historical Notes; Cardiovascular control; References. Basic Aspects of Cardiac Electrical Activity: Introduction; Principles of Membrane Excitability; composition of the Intra- and Extracellular Fluid; IOn Activity; The Membrane Potential; Ionic Pumps and Exchangers; The Excitable Membrane; Membrane Currents in Heart Cells; References. Electrocardiography: Introduction; Volume Conduction; Source Models; Volume Conductor Models; The Forward Problem; Inverse Procedures; Lead Systems; Body-surface Mapping; References. Cardiac Arhythmias: Introduction; Role of the Electrocardiogram (ECG); Electrophysiological Mechanisms; Ventricular Tachycardia and fibrillation; Modelling Cardiac Arrhythmias; References. Rythms and Analysis Techniques: Neural Control of Arterial Pressure and heart Rate by the Baroreflex; Some Principles of Control Systems; Cardiovascular Signals: ECG and Arterial Blood Pressure; Oscillatory Phenomena in Heart rate and Blood Pressure: Some Tentative Explanations; Concluding Remarks; References. Contraction Mechanism in Striated Muscle: Introduction;Anatomy and Function; Sliding-filament Mechanism; Activation Process; Dynamic Properties of Contraction; References. Mechanics of the Wall of the Left Ventricle: Introduction; Models of the Mechanics of the Left Ventricle; Mechanisms to even Mechanical load in the Heart; Simplified Models of Left Ventricular Mechanics; Remodelling Mechanism of the Left Ventricle; Conclusion; References. Measurement of Systolic Ventricular Performance: Introduction; Assessing Ventricular performance; Pressure-volume Relations and Elastance; Measurement of Ventricular Volume; Conclusion; References. Relaxation and Diastole: Relaxation; Diastole; References. Cardiac Pump Function: Introduction; The Heart as a Pump; Power and Efficiency; The Heart and Arterial Systems; References. System Modelling of Ventricular Function: System Models of the Circulation; Ventricular Elastance; Ventricular 'Quick' Elastance; Ventricular Resistance; Quantitative Analysis of the three-component Model; the Deactivating Effect of Decreasing Flow; Identification of Ventricular constant-flow Ejection Parameters; Discussion and Conclusion; References. Biological Control: A System Analysis Approach: Man-made versus biological Systems; A Simple Feedback Loop; Interaction of Glands as an Example of a Biological Control System; The Central heating; Control of Coronary Blood flow; References. Elasticity of Tissues: Introduction; Definition of Mechanical Properties; Homogeneity and isotropy of Materials; Mechanical Properties of Sheets of Material; Mechanical Properties of Cylindrical Structures; Viscoelastic Models: Voigt and Maxwell Model; References. Viscosity of Media: Introduction; Stress Analysis; Strain; Constitutive Equations; Viscosity of Blood; Theoretical Bases of Viscosity Equations; Viscosity Measurements; Concluding Remarks; References. Velocity Profiles in Large Arteries: Navier-Stokes Equations; Dimensionless Numbers; Factors Influencing the Velocity Profile; Arterial and Valvular Flow Dynamics; References. Atherosclerosis and Blood Flow: Introduction; Characteristics of the Vessel Wall; Atherosclerotic Lesions; Theories for Atherosclerosis; Metabolic Hypotheses; Haemodynamic Hypotheses; Concluding Remarks; References. Diastolic flow in the Left Ventricle: Introduction; Methods; Clinical use of Doppler Ultrasound; Models of flow Patterns: Derivation, Calculation and Experiments; References. Arterial Haemodynamics: Introduction; Relation Between the Oscillatory Pressure Drop and Flow in a Tube; Input Impedance; Arterial Function; References. Physics of the Microcirculation: Introduction; Structure and Function of the Microcirculation; Blood Cells; Pressure Distribution in Microvessels; Arteriolar Diameter and Vascular Resistance; Methods to Change Transmural pressure non-invasively; Wall Tension; Blood Flow in a Microvascular Network Model; Microvessel Blood flow; Velocity Profiles in Microvessels; Apparent Viscosity; F^Doahraeus Effect: part 1; References. Isolated vessels: Introduction; Methodology; Mechanical properties of isolated vessels; Effect of drugs; Mechanical stimuli; References. Oxygen Supply and Exchange in the Myocardium: Introduction; Oxygen Diffusion; Oxygen Diffusion from Capillaries; Oxygen Diffusion and Blood Flow in a Single Capillary; Oxygen in a Capillary Network with Flow Heterogeneity; Haematocrit in the Microcirculation; The F^Doahraeus Effect: part 2; Acknowledgement; References. Central Venous Pressure and Control of Cardiac Output: Introduction; Heart-Lung Preparatio; The Systemic Circulation; Closure of Loop; Discussion of the Factors Involved in Determining Cardiac Output; References. The Effect of Cardiac Contraction on Coronary Flow: Introduction; Coronary Flow Impediment in Systole; Intramyocardial Pressure; References. Author Addresses. Author Index. Glossary. Subject Index.