Caesarean Delivery

History and evolution; indications - abnormal labour; malpresentation - breech and transverse lie; multiple gestations; fetal distress; delivery of the low-birth-weight infant; abruptio placentae and placenta previa; additional material and fetal indications; the elective cesarean - timing of delivery; anaesthesia - the uncomplicated patient; the high-risk patient - operative techniques - opening and closing the abdomen; the extraperitoneal approach; the transperitoneal approach; caesarean hysterectomy; uterine and hypogastric atery ligation; surgical sterilization and incidental procedures, appendectomy, cystectomy; intraoperative techniques - uterine haemorrhage - management of urinary and gastrointestinal tract injuries; antibiotic prophylaxis; blood transfusion; resuscitation of the newborn infant; post-operative complications - routine post-caesarean care and management of common complications; ultra sonography; wound complications; post-caesarean endometritis; post-operative anesthetic complications; thromboembolic disorders and anticoagulant therapy; fistula; reducing the caesarean delivery rate once a caesarean always a caesarean?; the effect of previous indications of caesarean on subsequent outcome; vaginal birth after caesarean - the role of ozytocin; vaginal birth after multiple prior caesarean; epidural anesthesia in patients undergoing a trial of labor after a previous caesarean birth; the role of external version in modern obstetrics; additional considerations - caesarean delivery in developing countries; ethical considerations - caesarean delivery in developing countries; ethical considerations - medical legal considerations; extraperitoneal approach; the transperitoneal approach; caesarean hysterectomy; uterine and hypogastric artery ligation; surgical sterilization and incidental procedures.