To scientists engaged in research on the cellular mechanisms in the mammalian brain, concepts of "motivation" seem to be a logical neces- sity, even if they are not fashionable. Immersed in the detailed, time- consuming research required to deal with mammalian nerve cells, we usually pay scant attention to the more global brain -behavior questions that have arisen from decades of biological and psychological studies. We felt it was time to confront these issues-namely, how far has neuro- biological investigation come in uncovering mechanisms by which moti- vational signals influence behavior? At Rockefeller University, we have recently held a course on this subject. We restricted our treatment to those motivational systems most tractable to physiological approaches, and invited scientists skilled in both behavioral issues and physiological techniques to participate. This volume results from that course. The deans and administration at Rockefeller University provided much help in planning the course, and the staff of Springer-Verlag assisted in planning the book. Gabriele Zummer helped organize both the course and the processing of book chapters. They all deserve our thanks.
December 1981 Donald W. Pfaff Professor of Neurobiology and Behavior Rockefeller University Contents Part One: Concepts...1 Chapter 1 Donald W. Pfaff Motivational Concepts: Definitions and Distinctions ...3 Motivation: A Brief Review of Concepts...5 Drive ...10 Reinforcement, Reward ...13 Incentive ...16 Arousal ...17 Emotion ...18 Motivation Is a Unitary Behavioral Concept with Multiple Neurophysiological Mechanisms...20 References ...22 Chapter 2 Alan N.
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30 black & white illustrations, biography
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978-0-387-90650-8 (9780387906508)
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One: Concepts.- 1 Motivational Concepts: Definitions and Distinctions.- Motivation: A Brief Review of Concepts.- Drive.- Reinforcement, Reward.- Incentive.- Arousal.- Emotion.- Motivation Is a Unitary Behavioral Concept with Multiple Neurophysiological Mechanisms.- References.- 2 Instinct and Motivation as Explanations for Complex Behavior.- Some Key Terms Defined.- Instinct and Motivation Compared.- A Summary of the Comparison: Its Virtues and Faults.- Choosing Animals for the Study of Motivation.- References.- Two: Hunger and Thirst.- 3 Taste: A Model of Incentive Motivation.- Taste Hedonics and Behavior.- Correlating Taste Physiology and Behavior.- The CNS and Taste-Motivated Behavior.- Reference Notes.- References.- 4 Brain-Stem Control of Ingestive Behavior.- Ingestive Behavior.- The Ingestion Sequence.- The Rejection Response.- Chronic Decerebrate and Thalamic Rats.- Control of Ingestive Behavior in the Chronically Decerebrate Rat.- Constructing Hunger in the Brain.- Reference Notes.- References.- 5 Satiety and the Problem of Motivation.- Motivation and Feeding Behavior.- Satiety.- The Neglect of Satiety.- The Structure of Satiety.- Summary and Speculation.- References.- 6 Physiological and Behavioral Basis of Human Obesity.- Definitions.- Obesity as a Disorder of Weight Regulation.- Set Point Theory.- Growth and Development of Adipose Tissue.- Brown Adipose Tissue.- Epidemiological Studies: Prevalence and Dietary Preference.- Externality Theory.- Conditioned Responses: Hunger and Satiety.- Dietary-Induced Obesity.- Summary.- References.- 7 The Physiology of Thirst.- Cellular Dehydration and Brain Osmosensors for Thirst.- Hypovolemia and the Neuroendocrine Mechanism of Thirst.- Controversial Issues in Research on Angiotensin-Induced Thirst.- Satiety Systems for Thirst.- The Neuropharmacology of Thirst.- Convergence of Systems Arousing Thirst.- Issues That Await Neurological Explanation.- References.- Three: Thermal, Maternal, and Sexual Motivation.- 8 Are There Similarities Between Thermoregulation and Sexual Behavior?.- Neural Organization of Thermoregulation.- Evolution of Thermoregulation.- Applications of the Model.- Similarities Between Thermal and Sexual Behaviors.- References.- 9 Hormonal and Neural Mechanisms Underlying Maternal Behavior in the Rat.- Is Maternal Behavior Motivated?.- Hormonal Mechanisms.- The Onset-Maintenance Dichotomy.- Sensory and Neural Mechanisms.- Interaction with Other Motivated Behaviors.- References.- 10 Neurobiological Mechanisms of Sexual Motivation.- The Female.- The Male.- References.- Four: Approach vs. Avoidance in Motivation and Emotion.- 11 The Opponent Processes in Acquired Motivation.- Repeated Stimulations (Use).- Interstimulus Interval (Disuse).- Quality of Reinforcement.- References.- 12 Brain-Stimulated Reward and Control of Autonomic Function: Are They Related?.- Intracranial Self-Stimulation.- Hypothalamic Control of Behavior.- Correlation of Autonomic Control with Intracranial Self-Stimulation.- References.- 13 Brain Mechanisms in Hedonic Processes.- Thermoregulatory Processes.- Hedonic Processes in Taste and Hunger.- Drive and Reward Processes.- Drive and Reward in Food Motivation.- Discussion.- References.- 14 Motivation and Psychological Stress.- Motivation, Learning, and Performance.- Motivation in Conflict Behavior.- Design for Testing the Utility of an Intervening Variable.- Osmolarity Is Not Enough.- Some General Effects of Psychological Stress.- Effects of Discrimination and Coping on Stomach Lesions and Other Physical Consequences of Chronic Fear.- Possible Shortcomings of Simple Formulation in Terms of Fear.- Are There Qualitatively Different Types of Stress?.- Two Responses to Fear.- Additional Cardiovascular Consequences of Fear.- Immune Responses.- Neurohumoral Mechanisms.- Questions About Aversive Motivation and Stress.- Joyful Levels of Arousal.- References.- 15 A Physiological and Psychological Analysis of Pain: A Potential Model of Motivation.- A Short Historical Perspective.- Psychophysical and Psychological Aspects of Pain.- The Sensory Aspects of Pain.- Arousal.- A Strategy for Studying Neural Mechanisms of Pain.- Primary Cutaneous Afferents.- Classes of Spinothalamic Nociceptive Neurons.- The Function of Second-Order Nociceptive Neurons in Awake Primates.- Brain Processing of Nociceptive Information.- Centrifugal Control of Pain Transmission.- Plasticity in Analgesia Systems.- Pain as a Model for Motivational Systems.- References.
