Part 1 Traces of the ancient "City" - an introduction. Part 2 State formation reconsidered - an essay on method and on the generation of authority and popular institutions: introduction - state of the historiography; system versus process - a necessary distinction; administrative order and its unofficial infrastructures; popular organization and counter-ideologies; the field of relevance. Part 3 The parts of the machine - division of labour in European and South Asian coin manufacture before mechanization: the problem; combinations of the production line; divisions of time and labour; conclusion. Part 4 Money-use in late precolonial South Asia - and the world trade in currency media: the problem; international production and supply, and imports into South Asia; the structure of demand. Part 5 Financial institutions and business practices - across the euro-Asian interface - comparative and structural considerations, 1500-1900; general perspectives and methodological issues; the evidence - institutions, instruments, networks and complementarities; South Asia - the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ... , the eighteenth century ...; China - the problem - what can be said about early-modern finance .., rethinking the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; conclusions - business practice and the Euro-Asian interface. Part 6 Monetary revolution and societal change - in later medieval and early modern times: the field; structural considerations; the developmental question. Appendix: transcriptional & dating conventions.