(NOTE: Each chapter concludes with RMSummary - Review Questions - Independent Student. Activities - Related Web Sites - Notes.)
1. Historical Development.
English and Colonial Officers of the Law.
Sheriff - Constable - Coroner - Justice of the Peace. The Old English System of Policing.
Policing in Colonial America - Legacies of the Colonial Period. Police Reform in England and America, 1829-1860.
Full-Time Policing Comes to the United States.
Imitating Peel - Early Issues and New Traditions - Attempts at Reform in Difficult Times - Increased Politics and Corruption - Meanwhile, on the American Frontier . . .
practitioner's perspective: "what science has done for the police," chief francis o'neill, chicago, 1903
The Entrenchment of Political Influence.
The Movement toward Professionalization.
Attempts to Thwart Political Patronage - The Era of August. Vollmer - The Crime Fighter Image - The Wickersham. Commission - Police as the "Thin Blue Line": William H. Parker.
A Retreat from the Professional Model.
Coming Full Circle to Peel: The President's Crime Commission.
Community-Oriented Policing and Problem-Solving Era.
The Three Generations of COPPS.
2. Law Enforcement Levels and Functions: Toward Defending OurHomeland.
Federal Agencies.
The Department of Homeland Security - The Department of Justice - Other Related Federal Agencies.
State and Local Agencies.
State Police - Local (Municipal Police and County Sheriff) Agencies.
3. Police Subculture: The Making of a Cop.
First Things First: Recruiting Qualified Applicants.
Wanted: Those Who Walk on Water - Recruiting Problems and Successes.
Testing: The Hurdle Process for New Personnel.
Written Examinations: General Knowledge and Psychological Tests - Physical Agility Test - Oral Interview - Character. Investigation - Polygraph Examination - Medical Examination and Drug Screening.
The Recruit's Formal Entry into Policing: Academy Training.
Types of Academies - The Curriculum: Status and Ongoing Need for Revision - A New Uniform and Demeanor - A Sixth Sense.
Postacademy Field Training.
The Field Training Officer Concept - New Technology.
Having the "Right Stuff": A Working Personality.
Developing and Using a Police Personality - What Traits Make a Good Cop?
Roles, Functions, and Styles of Policing.
Defining and Understanding the Police Role - Role. Conflicts - Policing Functions and Styles - Which Role, Function, and Style Is Typically Employed?
4. Organization and Administration.
Organizations and the Police.
What Are Organizations? - Organizations as Bureaucracies.
Organizational Communication.
Definition and Characteristics - Communication within Police. Organizations - The Grapevine - Written Communication - Barriers to Effective Communication.
Police Agencies as Organizations.
Chain of Command - Organizational Structure - Unity of Command and Span of Control - Organizational Policies and Procedures.
Contemporary Police Chiefs and Sheriffs.
The Police Chief - The Sheriff.
The Chief Executive Officer: A Model.
Applying the Mintzberg Model of CEOs - The Interpersonal Role - The Informational Role - The Decision-Maker Role.
practitioner's perspective: "police ingenuity and entrepreneurship," Dennis D. Richards.
An Example of Mintzberg in Action: NYPD's Compstat.
Middle Managers: Captains and Lieutenants.
The First-Line Supervisor.
Ten Tasks - Types of Supervisors.
Police and Politics.
Political Exploitation of the Police - Police Executive Relations and Expectations.
5. On Patrol: Methods and Menaces.
Patrol as Work: Culture of the Beat.
Purposes and Nature of Patrol - Filling Occasional Hours of Boredom - Patrol Work as a Function of Shift. Assignment - Influences of One's Assigned Beat - Where Danger Lurks: The Hazards of Beat Patrol.
An Unappreciated American Icon: The Patrol Vehicle.
A Sanctuary and a Place for Vital Gear - Evolution of the Patrol Vehicle - Today's Accoutrements.
Studies of the Patrol Function.
Discretionary Use of Police Authority.
The Link between Patrol and Discretion - An Exercise in Discretion - Attempts to Define Discretion - Determinants of Discretionary Actions - Pros, Cons, and Politics of Discretionary Authority.
A Related Function: Traffic.
Policing Today's Motorized Society - Traffic Accident Investigation - In Pursuit of the "Phantom Driver"
6. Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving.
Basic Principles of Community Policing.
A Major Step Forward: Problem-Oriented Policing.
The Problem-Solving Process: SARA.
A Collaborative Approach: Basic Principles of COPPS.
Implementing COPPS.
Principal Components of Successful Implementation.
A Broader Role for the Street Officer.
Did It Succeed? Evaluating COPPS.
Crime Prevention.
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design - Studying Prey: Repeat Victimization - Drug Abuse and Resistance Education.
COPPS Case Studies.
Addressing Domestic Violence in Charlotte-Mecklenburg - Ameliorating Juvenile Problems in Tulsa.
7. Criminal Investigation: The Science of Detection.
The Scope of Forensic Science and Criminalistics.
Origins of Criminalistics.
Personal Identification: Anthropometry and Dactylography - Firearms Identification - Contributions of August Vollmer and Others.
The Evolution of Criminal Investigation.
Investigative Beginnings: The English Contribution - Investigative Techniques Come to America - State and Federal Developments.
Forensic Science and the Criminal Justice System.
Investigative Stages and Activities - Arrest and Case Preparation.
Qualities of Detectives.
Officers Who "Disappear": Working Undercover.
Problems with the Role - Returning to Patrol Duties.
Uses of the Polygraph.
DNA Analysis.
Methods - The Debate about Forced Testing - Recent Developments: Mitochondrial DNA and National Databases.
Behavioral Science in Criminal Investigation.
Criminal Profiling - Psychics and Hypnosis.
Recent Developments in Forensic Science and Investigation.
Interrogations of a Different Sort: Terrorism Suspects - Forensic Entomology: Using "Insect Detectives" Stalking Investigations - Investigating "Cybercrooks" - Protecting the Innocents: Investigating Crimes against Juveniles and Missing Youths - No Stone Unturned: Handling Cold Cases.
8. Extraordinary Problems and Methods.
Terrorism and Homeland Security.
A Nation Changed and Challenged - Definitions and Types - Greater Law Enforcement Powers: The PATRIOT Act - Spiking Resources - Time for an Intelligence Overhaul? - A Companion Threat: Bioterrorism.
practitioner's perspective, "bioterrorism: the challenges for local law enforcement," kenneth w. hunter jr., sc.d.
Policing Hate.
Policing the Mafia.
Origin and Organization.
practitioner's perspective, "going undercover: an fbi agent's two-year experience," george togliatti.
Successful Police Offensives.
Policing Street Gangs.
Definition and Extent of the Problem - Organization and Revenues - Ethnic and Racial Types of Gangs - Graffiti and Hand Signals - New Threats - Gangs and Terrorism.
Policing America's Borders.
A New Terrorist Watch Program - The Southwestern Border - New Technologies: Border Drones.
9. The Rule of Law.
The Rule of Law.
The Fourth Amendment - The Fifth Amendment - The Sixth Amendment.
Juvenile Rights.
10. Accountability: Ethics, Force and Corruption, and Discipline.
In the Beginning: Problems Greet the New Millennium.
Troubles in Cities Large and Small - A New Tool: Federal Investigations.
Police Ethics. A Scenario - Definition and Types - Ethics and Community Policing.
Use of Violence and Force. A Tradition of Problems - The Prerogative to Use Force - Police Brutality - Use and Control of Lethal Force - Further Sources of Tension: Bias-Based Policing and Other Field Tactics - A Related Issue: Domestic Violence.
Police Corruption.
A Long-Standing "Plague" on Policing - Types and Causes - The Code of Silence - Investigation and Prosecution - Possible Solutions.
Limitations on Officers' Constitutional Rights.
Free Speech - Searches and Seizures - Self-Incrimination - Religious Practices - Sexual Misconduct - Residency Requirements - Moonlighting - Misuse of Firearms - Alcohol and Drug Abuse.
Disciplinary Policies and Practices.
Maintaining the Public Trust - Due Process Requirements - Dealing with Complaints - Determining the Level and Nature of Sanctions.
11. Civil Liability: Failing the Public Trust.
A Legal Foundation.
History and Growth of Section 1983 Litigation - Police Actions Leading to Section 1983 Liability - Criminal Prosecutions for Police Misconduct.
Liability of Police Supervisors.
practitioner's perspective, "police and civil liability," samuel g. man.
New Areas of Potential Liability.
Police Vehicle Pursuits: A High-Stakes Operation - Computer Evidence - Disseminating Public Information.
12. Issues and Trends.
Contemporary Policing Trends.
Labor Relations: Officers' Rights, Unionization, and Collective Bargaining - Women Who Wear the Badge.
practitioner's perspective, "women in policing: past, present, and future," chief penny harrington.
Minorities as Police Officers - On Guard: The Private Police - Accreditation.
Contemporary Policing Issues.
Higher Education for Police - A Related Program: The Police Corps - Stress: Sources, Effects, and Management.
13. Comparative Perspectives: Policing in Foreign Countries.
Iraq.
A History of Dictators and Disorder - Policing the World's Most Perilous Place - Since Saddam's Fall: A Poorly Trained and Equipped Force - The Future.
Saudi Arabia.
An Exodus over Terrorism - Social Behavior in a Patriarchal Land - Religious Underpinnings - Laws and Prohibitions - Guardians of Religious Purity.
China.
Policing a Vast Land - Reform under Police Law 1995.
Northern Ireland. Recent Developments and Violence in a Long Civil War - A Divided Land - Political Factions - Policing the Terrorist War - A New Source of Terror: Paramilitary Groups.
Mexico.
A New President, Unfulfilled Promises - Police Organization - Recruitment and Training - Criminal Codes and the Legal System - Jail Atrocities.
Toward Democratizing the Police Abroad: Lessons Learned.
Interpol.
Tracking International Criminals - A Formula for Success.
14. Technology Review.
Police and Technology of the Future: Problems and Prospects.
Technology versus Terrorists.
The Development of Less-Lethal Weapons.
A Historical Overview - The Quest Continues.
The Use of Wireless Technology.
Instant Access to Information - Integrated Databases - Crime Mapping - Locating Serial Offenders - Gunshot Locator System - Dogs and Searches for Lost Persons.
Electronics in Traffic Functions.
Accident Investigation - Arresting Impaired Drivers - Preventing High-Speed Pursuits.
DNA.
Fingerprints and Mug Shots.
Crime Scenes: Computers to Explore and Draft Evidence.
Developments Relevant to Firearms.
Computer-Assisted Training - Using Gun "Fingerprints" to Solve Cases.
Gang Intelligence Systems.
15. Focus on the Future.
Taking Futures Seriously: A Working Group and a Futurists' Society.
What the Future Might Hold for the Police.
Futures Research - High Technology: Coming Attractions - Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving - The Role of the Beat Officer - Other Personnel Issues.
Crime, Violence, and the Influence of Drugs and Guns.
Appendix I: Career Information.
Appendix II: The Police Corps.
Index.
