Section A - STRUCTURE AND BONDING. Atomic structure of carbon. Covalent bonding and hybridization. sp3 hybridization. sp2 hybridization. sp hybridization. Bonds and hybridized centres. Section B - ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES. Definition. Drawing structures. Nomenclature. Section C - FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. Recognition of functional groups. Aliphatic and aromatic functional groups. Intermolecular bonding. Properties and reactions. Nomenclature of functional groups. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary nomenclature. Section D - STEREOHISTOCHEMISTRY. Constitutional isomers. Configurational isomers - alkenes and cycloalkanes. Configurational isomers - optical isomers. Conformational isomers. Section E - ALKENES AND ALKYNES. Preparation of alkenes and alkynes. Properties of alkenes and alkynes. Electrophilic addition to symmetrical alkenes. Electrophilic addition to unsymmetrical alkenes. Carbocation stabilization. Reduction and oxidation of alkenes. Hydroboration of alkenes. Electrophilic additions to alkynes. Reduction of alkeynes. Alkylation of terminal alkynes. Conjugated dienes. Section F - AROMATIC CHEMISTRY. Aromaticity. Preparation and properties of aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitutions of benzene. Synthesis of mono-substituted benezenes. Electrophilic substitutions of mono-substituted aromatic rings. Synthesis of di-and tri-substituted benzenes. Oxidation and reduction. Section G - ALDEHYDES AND KETONES. Preparation. Properties. Nucleophilic addition. Nucleophilic addition - charged nucleophiles. Electronic and steric effects. Nucleophilic addition - nitrogen nucleophiles. Nucleophilic addition - oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles. Reactions of enolate ions. a-halogenation. Reduction and oxidation. a,b-Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. Section H - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND CARBOXYLIC ACID DETRIVATIVES. Structure and properties. Nucelophilic substitution. Reactivity. Preparations of carboxylic acids. Preparations of carboxylic acid derivatives. Reactions. Enolate reactions. Section I - ALKYL HALIDES. Preparation and physical properties. Nucleophilic substitution. Factors effecting Sn2 versus Sn1 reactions. Elimination. Elimination versus substitution. Reactions of alkyl halides. Organometallic reactions. Section J - ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND THIOLS. Preparation of alcohols. Preparation of phenols. Properties of alcohols and phenols. Reactions of alcohols. Reactions of phenols. Chemistry of thiols. Section K - ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOETHERS. Preparation of ethers, expoides, and thioethers. Properties of ethers, expoides and thioethers. Reactions of ethers, expoides and thioethers. Section L - AMINES AND NITRILES. Preparation of amines. Properties of amines. Reactions of amines. Chemistry of nitriles
