Preface xv
Acknowledgments xxi
Contributors xxiii
PART I CDN AND MEDIA STREAMING BASICS 1
1 CLOUD-BASED CONTENT DELIVERY AND STREAMING 3
Mukaddim Pathan
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 CDN Overview 5
1.3 Workings of a CDN 10
1.4 CDN Trends 21
1.5 Research Issues 28
1.6 Conclusion 29
References 29
2 LIVE STREAMING ECOSYSTEMS 33
Dom Robinson
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Live Streaming Pre-Evolution 34
2.3 Live, Linear, Nonlinear 35
2.4 Media Streaming 37
2.5 Related Network Models 38
2.6 Streaming Protocol Success 43
2.7 Platform Divergence and Codec Convergence 44
2.8 Adaptive Bitrate (ABR) Streaming 45
2.9 Internet Radio and HTTP 48
2.10 Conclusion 48
References 49
3 PRACTICAL SYSTEMS FOR LIVE STREAMING 51
Dom Robinson
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Common Concepts in Live Streaming 52
3.3 The Practicals 56
3.4 Conclusion 69
References 70
4 EFFICIENCY OF CACHING AND CONTENT DELIVERY IN BROADBAND ACCESS NETWORKS 71
Gerhard Haslinger
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Options and Properties for Web Caching 73
4.3 Zipf Laws for Requests to Popular Content 75
4.4 Efficiency and Performance Modeling for Caches 76
4.5 Effect of Replacement Strategies on Cache Hit Rates 78
4.6 Replacement Methods Based on Request Statistics 81
4.7 Global CDN and P2P Overlays for Content Delivery 84
4.8 Summary and Conclusion 86
Acknowledgments 87
References 87
5 ANYCAST REQUEST ROUTING FOR CONTENT DELIVERY NETWORKS 91
Hussein A. Alzoubi, Michael Rabinovich, Seungjoon Lee, Kobus Van Der Merwe, and Oliver Spatscheck
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 CDN Request Routing: An Overview 93
5.3 A Practical Load-Aware IP Anycast CDN 96
5.4 Mapping Algorithms 98
5.5 Evaluation 102
5.6 IPv6 Anycast CDNs 107
5.7 Discussion and Open Questions 114
5.8 Conclusion 116
References 116
6 CLOUD-BASED CONTENT DELIVERY TO HOME ECOSYSTEMS 119
Tiago Cruz, Paulo Sim?oes, and Edmundo Monteiro
6.1 Introduction 119
6.2 Bringing Cloud Services to Home: State of the Art 120
6.3 Virtualizing the Access Network Infrastructure 123
6.4 Virtualization for Cloud Service Delivery to Home 130
6.5 Future Trends 137
6.6 Summary and Conclusion 137
Acknowledgments 137
References 138
7 MOBILE VIDEO STREAMING 141
Ram Lakshmi Narayanan, Yinghua Ye, Anuj Kaul, and Mili Shah
7.1 Introduction 141
7.2 Mobile Broadband Architecture 142
7.3 Video Streaming Protocols 143
7.4 Video Optimization Services 146
7.5 Operator-Hosted CDN 149
7.6 Cloud-Based Video Streaming 151
7.7 Future Research Directions 154
Acknowledgments 156
References 156
PART II CDN PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT AND OPTIMIZATION 159
8 CDN ANALYTICS: A PRIMER 161
Timothy Siglin
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 Why Measure? 162
8.3 What do we Measure? 162
8.4 What about Business Intelligence? 169
8.5 Measuring Stateless Delivery 171
8.6 Billing Analytics 173
8.7 CDN Analytics Tools 174
8.8 Recent Trends in CDN Analytics 175
8.9 Conclusion 176
References 176
9 CDN MODELING 179
Tolga Bektas and Ozgur Ercetin
9.1 Introduction 179
9.2 Basics on Mathematical Modeling and Optimization 180
9.3 Video-on-Demand Applications 182
9.4 Optimization Problems in Content Delivery and VoD Services 185
9.5 Visionary Thoughts for Practitioners 198
9.6 Future Research Directions 198
9.7 Conclusions 199
Acknowledgments 200
References 200
10 ANALYZING CONTENT DELIVERY NETWORKS 203
Benjamin Molina, Jaime Calvo, Carlos E. Palau, and Manuel Esteve
10.1 Introduction 203
10.2 Previous Work 204
10.3 Basic CDN Model 205
10.4 Enhancing the Model 206
10.5 Performance Evaluation 212
10.6 Conclusions 216
References 216
11 MULTISOURCE STREAM AGGREGATION IN THE CLOUD 219
Marat Zhanikeev
11.1 Introduction 219
11.2 Terminologies 221
11.3 Background and Related Work 222
11.4 The Substream Method in the Cloud 224
11.5 Stream Aggregation in the Cloud 226
11.6 Models 228
11.7 Analysis 231
11.8 Visionary Thoughts for Practitioners 236
11.9 Future Research Directions 238
11.10 Conclusion 239
References 239
12 BEYOND CDN: CONTENT PROCESSING AT THE EDGE OF THE CLOUD 243
Salekul Islam and Jean-Charles Gr?egoire
12.1 Introduction 243
12.2 Existing Content Delivery Platforms 244
12.3 Comparison of Existing Content Delivery Platforms 247
12.4 An Edge Cloud-Based Model 251
12.5 Results and Insights 255
12.6 Future Research Directions 256
12.7 Conclusion 257
References 257
13 DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION FOR ADAPTIVE STREAMING 259
Norihiko Yoshida
13.1 Introduction 259
13.2 Background and Related Work 260
13.3 Dynamic Server Deployment 262
13.4 From Content Delivery to Streaming 263
13.5 Future Research Directions 267
13.6 Conclusion 269
Acknowledgments 269
References 269
14 MINING DISTRIBUTED DATA STREAMS ON CONTENT DELIVERY NETWORKS 273
Eugenio Cesario, Carlo Mastroianni, and Domenico Talia
14.1 Introduction 273
14.2 Background and Related Work 275
14.3 A Hybrid Multidomain Architecture 277
14.4 A Prototype for Stream Mining in a CDN 281
14.5 Visionary Thoughts for Practitioners 285
14.6 Future Research Directions 285
14.7 Conclusion 286
References 286
15 CDN CAPACITY PLANNING 289
Phil Davies and Mukaddim Pathan
15.1 Introduction 289
15.2 Capacity Planning Process 290
15.3 Undertaking the Capacity Planning Process 295
15.4 CDN Capacity Planning Case Study 300
15.5 Recent Developments and Challenges 302
15.6 Summary and Conclusion 303
References 303
PART III CASE STUDIES AND NEXT GENERATION CDNs 305
16 OVERLAY NETWORKS: AN AKAMAI PERSPECTIVE 307
Ramesh K. Sitaraman, Mangesh Kasbekar, Woody Lichtenstein, and Manish Jain
16.1 Introduction 307
16.2 Background 309
16.3 Caching Overlays 314
16.4 Routing Overlays 318
16.5 Security Overlays 323
16.6 Conclusion 325
References 326
17 NEXT-GENERATION CDNs: A CoBlitz PERSPECTIVE 329
Vivek S. Pai
17.1 Introduction 329
17.2 Carrier CDNs 331
17.3 Managed CDNs 332
17.4 Federated CDNs 333
17.5 Licensed CDNs 335
17.6 Case Study: CoBlitz 337
17.7 CoBlitz Commercialization 343
17.8 Implications of HTTP Adaptive Streaming 345
17.9 CoBlitz Commercialization Lessons 347
17.10 CDN Industry Directions 348
Acknowledgments 349
References 349
18 CONTENT DELIVERY IN CHINA: A ChinaCache PERSPECTIVE 353
Michael Talyansky, Alexei Tumarkin, Hunter Xu, and Ken Zhang
18.1 Introduction 353
18.2 Content-Aware Network Services in China 356
18.3 Directions for Future CDN Research and Trends in China 365
18.4 Conclusion 366
References 366
19 PlatonTV: A SCIENTIFIC HIGH DEFINITION CONTENT DELIVERY PLATFORM 369
Miroslaw Czyrnek, Jedrzej Jajor, Jerzy Jamrozy, Ewa Kusmierek, Cezary Mazurek, Maciej Stroinski, and Jan Weglarz
19.1 Introduction 369
19.2 Background and Related Work 371
19.3 PlatonTV Architecture 372
19.4 Content Ingest 374
19.5 Content Distribution and Management 376
19.6 Content Delivery 379
19.7 Availability and Reliability 381
19.8 Visionary Thoughts for Practitioners 382
19.9 Future Research Directions 383
19.10 Conclusion 383
Acknowledgments 383
References 384
20 CacheCast: A SINGLE-SOURCE MULTIPLE-DESTINATION CACHING MECHANISM 385
Piotr Srebrny, Dag H.L. Sorbo, Thomas Plagemann, Vera Goebel, and Andreas Mauthe
20.1 Introduction 385
20.2 Related Work 387
20.3 CacheCast Overview 388
20.4 Background on Multidestination Traffic 389
20.5 CacheCast Design 391
20.6 CacheCast Efficiency 396
20.7 CacheCast Applications 399
20.8 Visionary Thoughts for Practitioners 407
20.9 Future Research Directions 409
20.10 Conclusion 409
Acknowledgments 410
References 410
21 CONTENT REPLICATION AND DELIVERY IN INFORMATION-CENTRIC NETWORKS 413
Vasilis Sourlas, Paris Flegkas, Dimitrios Katsaros, and Leandros Tassiulas
21.1 Introduction 413
21.2 Related Work 414
21.3 Framework for Information Replication in ICN 416
21.4 Performance Evaluation 423
21.5 Future Research Directions 426
21.6 Conclusion 426
Acknowledgments 427
References 427
22 ROBUST CONTENT BROADCASTING IN VEHICULAR NETWORKS 431
Giancarlo Fortino, Carlos T. Calafate, Juan C. Cano, and Pietro Manzoni
22.1 Introduction 431
22.2 Vehicular Networks 432
22.3 Forward Error Correction Techniques 433
22.4 A Robust Broadcast-Based Content Delivery System 434
22.5 CDS Simulation in NS-3 436
22.6 Performance Evaluation 437
22.7 Future Research Trends 444
22.8 Summary and Conclusion 446
Acknowledgments 447
References 447
23 ON THE IMPACT OF ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKS IN CONTENT DELIVERY 449
Irene Kilanioti, Chryssis Georgiou, and George Pallis
23.1 Introduction 449
23.2 Online Social Networks Background 450
23.3 Characterization of Social Cascades 453
23.4 Online Social Network Measurements 456
23.5 Systems 458
23.6 Future Research Directions 459
23.7 Conclusion 461
Acknowledgments 461
References 461
Index 465
