Conversational Strategies in Akan

Neben dem Austausch von Gesprächsinhalten sind in Gesprächssituationen Phänomene wie Aussprache, Lautstärke, Intonation und Sprechtempo von großer Bedeutung für die Gesprächsteilnehmer. Der Autor zeigt dies am Beispiel des Akan, einer Kwa-Sprache, die in Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire und Togo von etwa 8,3 Millionen Menschen gesprochen wird. Dort gilt es etwa als Beleidigung, wenn ein jüngerer Gesprächsteilnehmer lauter spricht als sein älterer Gesprächspartner. Ebenso wird es als respektlos und unhöflich angesehen, wenn eine Person von niedrigerem sozialen Status den Gesprächspartner aus einer höheren sozialen Schicht an Sprechtempo und Lautstärke übertrifft.

Bisher haben die meisten linguistischen und soziologischen Studien einen Aspekt der Gesprächsform vernachlässigt: die prosodologischen Phänomene. Der vorliegende Band beinhaltet daher eine empirische Untersuchung der Bedeutung von Prosodologie in natürlichen Gesprächssituationen im Akan. Insbesondere wird untersucht, inwieweit prosodische Phänomene wie Sprechtempo, Lautstärke, Tonhöhe, Sprechpausen und Stimmlage dazu benutzt werden, interaktionale Kategorien wie "turn-taking" (Sprecherwechsel), "overlapping speech" (sich überschneidende Redeparts) und andere Konversations-Kategorien durchzusetzen. Dies ermöglicht dem Autor, neue Erkenntnisse über verschiedene Aspekte von Gesprächsinteraktionen aufzuzeigen. Die Studie ist sowohl in den Bereichen der formalen Sprachwissenschaft (Phonetik) als auch in den Sozialwissenschaften (Soziologie, ethno-methodologische Gesprächsanalyse/Ethnolinguistik) anzusiedeln.

REZENSIONEN:
"Summing up: The author has clearly demonstrated that the combining of phonetic and prosodic studies with conversational analysis techniques provides deeper insights into the Akan discourse. His study is of great importance and has a pioneer value, as apart from Klein-Arendt's work on Mombasa Suahili, there are no similar ones concerning African languages."
(Stanislaw Pilaszewicz in "Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures" 28/2000, 81-84)

"The existing literature on conversation analysis (CA) has largely ignored the prosodic features that characterize spontaneous dialog, focusing instead on 'spoken prose, "invented" discourse, or written text' (2). In addition, most previous studies of CA deal with English or other major Indo-European languages, with pioneering studies of Thai (Michael Moerman. Talking culture: ethnography and conversation analysis, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1988) and Swahili (Reinhard Klein-Ahrendt, Gesprächsstrategien im Swahili. Linguistisch-pragmatische Analysen von Dialogtexten einer Stegreiftheatergruppe, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 1992) standing out as the odd exception. Samuel Obeng's monograph is therefore doubly welcome since it explores the conversational prosody of Akan (Twi), a register tone language of the Kwa subgroup of Niger-Congo spoken in the southern half of Ghana and adjacent parts of Côte d'Ivoire.

O's main aim is to investigate the pragmatics of prosody in natural speech interactions between native speakers. O is careful to emphasize that the analytical claims he is making are based on objective, empirical data rather than on his own subjective native-speaker intuitions (2). The book's database consists of a series of unscripted dialogs, recorded on cassette tape during the previous two decades for various other purposes and only later selected for use in the present study. All of the conversations examined represent the Asante dialect of Akan.

The introduction (1-24) provides a brief overview of the most important previous work in the field of CA and also gives rudimentary sociolinguistic data on Akan. A map of Ghana showing the language's dialectal distribution appears before the table of contents. Some basic information on the language's phonological system of tones and vowel harmony might have made another welcome addition since many of the conversational prosodic traits discussed in the body of the book interact with lexical prosodic features [End Page 856] in nontrivial ways. This omission is partly rectified by the fact that the dialogs under analysis, while presented in the Latin-based alphabet used to write Asante, contain additional diacritics showing lexical tonal distinctions.

Individual chapters discuss the prosodic techniques and strategies Akan speakers use to mark turn taking (25-53), turn-competitive overlap (54-76), turn noncompetitive overlap (77-94), repair (95-126), and backchannel sequences (127-50). O is especially concerned with juncture, segment duration, and tempo. He uses a fine-grained system of descriptive terms borrowed in part from musical notation to capture specific distinctions in length of pauses or the speed at which a message is delivered. The full inventory of these prosodic conversational notations and terminology appears in the preface (xiii-xv). For example, tempo gradations range from 'allegrissimo' (very fast) to 'lentissimo' (very slow) and include 'accelerando' (getting faster) and 'rallentando' (getting slower). The phonetic and pragmatic nature of Akan verbal gestures analogous to English 'um' 'mhm', etc., are also described. O provides analysis of how all of these features systematically affect the intended exchange of information.

This study is valuable both for the typological perspective its subject language brings to the study of CA, as well as for its innovative examination of a maximally wide range of prosodic features used in natural conversation-features that have all too often been ignored even in more intensively studied languages."
(Edward J. Vajda in Language, 77/4, 856-857)