Acknowledgements
List of Illustrations
Abbreviations
1 Introduction to and Objective of This Research
?1Introduction
?2Aim of this Research
?3Scope, Limitations and Methodology
??3.1Scope and Limitations
??3.2Methodology, Working Approaches and Selection of Wilderness Case Studies
?4Structure
2 The Wilderness Concept and Its Relevance to the Polar Regions
?1Introduction
?2Meanings, Perceptions and Values of Wilderness
??2.1The Word's Meaning
??2.2Early Perceptions of Wilderness - from Prehistoric Times until the 19th Century
??2.3Wilderness Values from Different Perspectives - Increasing Valuation of Wilderness in the 20th Century
?3Wilderness Movements, Designations, Laws and Policies
??3.1Responding to the 'ills' of Civilization - the Evolvement of Wilderness Preservation Movements Worldwide
??3.2First Models of Wilderness Protection, Their Objectives and Motivations
??3.3Wilderness Protection in Law and Policy - Instrumental Values Still Prevail
?4Downsides of the Wilderness Concept
??4.1Criticism from Various Angles
??4.2Exclusionary Approaches towards Indigenous and Other Local Inhabitants
??4.3Arctic Indigenous Peoples and their Experiences with the Wilderness Concept
3 Wilderness Protection in Antarctica
?1Antarctica - an Introduction
??1.1Some General Characteristics in Terms of Size, Climate, Flora and Fauna
??1.2Human Presence and Activities in Antarctica
??1.3General Legal Framework
?2Wilderness of Antarctica
??2.1Human Ideas of Antarctica's Wilderness
??2.2Wilderness Perceptions Studied
??2.3Antarctica's Wilderness Qualities
?3Development of Tourism and Non-governmental Activities in Antarctica
??3.1Development in Numbers
??3.2Development of Most Visited Sites
??3.3Increasing Diversity
??3.4Tourism Related Infrastructure
??3.5Impacts of Tourism on Antarctica's Wilderness
?4The Protection of Wilderness in Antarctica in Terms of Tourism and other Non-governmental Activities
??4.1The Evolvement of Wilderness Protection in Antarctica within the Antarctic Treaty System
??4.2Wilderness Protection under the Environmental Protocol and its Annexes
??4.3Regulations with Specific Regard to Antarctic Tourism and Non-governmental Activities
4 Finland
?1Hammastunturi - The Area of Study
??1.1Some General Characteristics in Terms of Geography, Climate, Flora and Fauna
??1.2Human Settlement and Natural Resource Use
??1.3General Legal Framework
?2Wilderness of Hammastunturi
??2.1Finnish Ideas of Wilderness
??2.2Perceptions of Wilderness
??2.3Hammastunturi's Wilderness Qualities
?3Development of Tourism and Non-governmental Activities
??3.1Tourism Development in Lapland
??3.2Specifications Towards the Hammastunturi Area
??3.3Impacts of Tourism on Hammastunturi's Wilderness
?4The Protection of Wilderness in the Hammastunturi Area in Terms of Tourism and Non-governmental Activities
??4.1Policy and Legal Protection of Hammastunturi's Wilderness - The Main Setting
??4.2Regulations with Specific Regard to Tourism and Non-governmental Activities
5 Norway
?1Svalbard - The Area of Study
??1.1Some General Characteristics in Terms of Geography, Climate, Flora and Fauna
??1.2Human Settlement and Natural Resource Use
??1.3General Legal Framework
?2Wilderness of Svalbard
??2.1Norwegian Ideas of Wilderness
??2.2Perceptions of Svalbard's Wilderness
??2.3Svalbard's Wilderness Qualities
?3Development of Tourism and Non-governmental Activities in Svalbard
??3.1Development in Numbers
??3.2Development of Most Visited Sites
??3.3Increasing Diversity
??3.4Tourism Related Infrastructure
??3.5Impacts of Tourism on Svalbard's Wilderness
?4The Protection of Wilderness in Svalbard in Terms of Tourism and Non-governmental Activities
??4.1Policy and Legal Protection of Svalbard's Wilderness - The Main Setting
??4.2Regulations with Specific Regard to Tourism and Non-governmental Activities
6 United States
?1Denali - The Area of Study
??1.1Some General Characteristics in Terms of Geography, Climate, Flora and Fauna
??1.2Human Settlement and Natural Resource Use
??1.3General Legal Framework
?2Wilderness of Denali
??2.1Alaska's Wilderness in Distinction to the Lower 48 Wilderness
??2.2Perceptions of Denali's Wilderness
??2.3Denali's Wilderness Qualities
?3Development of Tourism and Non-governmental Activities in Denali
??3.1Development in Numbers
??3.2Development of Most Visited Sites
??3.3Increasing Diversity
??3.4Tourism Related Infrastructure
??3.5Impacts of Tourism on Denali's Wilderness
?4The Protection of Wilderness in Denali in Terms of Tourism and Non-governmental Activities
??4.1Policy and Legal Protection of Denali's Wilderness - The Main Setting
??4.2Regulations with Specific Regard to Tourism and Non-governmental Activities
7 Conclusion and Lessons Learnt
?1Summary of Wilderness Protection Approaches in the Polar Regions
??1.1Wilderness in the Polar Regions - A Still Abundant but Diminishing Quality
??1.2Tourism - A Prospering Industry in the Arctic and the Antarctic
??1.3Wilderness Protection Recognized in the Policy and Legal Contexts of Polar Regions
?2Analysis and Comparison of Wilderness Protection Approaches in the Polar Regions
??2.1The Relevance of Area Protection and Environmental Impact Assessment to Wilderness Protection in the Antarctic and the Arctic Case Study Areas
??2.2Regulations with Specific Regard to Tourism and Non-governmental Activities and the Consideration of Wilderness Protection in this Context
?3Lessons Learnt for Wilderness Protection in the Antarctic
??3.1Wilderness Quality Assessments
??3.2Measures Towards Tourism and Non-governmental Activities
??3.3Conditions for Taking Wilderness Protection Measures in the Antarctic Context
??3.4Chances and Challenges for Realisation
?4Questions and Issues to be Addressed in Future
Bibliography
Index
