"In the judgment of the most competent living mathematicians, Fraulein Noether was the most significant creative mathematical genius thus far produced since the higher education of women began."-Albert Einstein The year was 1915, and the young mathematician Emmy Noether had just settled into Gottingen University when Albert Einstein visited to lecture on his nearly finished general theory of relativity. Two leading mathematicians of the day, David Hilbert and Felix Klein, dug into the new theory with gusto, but had difficulty reconciling it with what was known about the conservation of energy. Knowing of her expertise in invariance theory, they requested Noether's help. To solve the problem, she developed a novel theorem, applicable across all of physics, which relates conservation laws to continuous symmetries-one of the most important pieces of mathematical reasoning ever developed. Noether's "first" and "second" theorem was published in 1918. The first theorem relates symmetries under global spacetime transformations to the conservation of energy and momentum, and symmetry under global gauge transformations to charge conservation.
In continuum mechanics and field theories, these conservation laws are expressed as equations of continuity. The second theorem, an extension of the first, allows transformations with local gauge invariance, and the equations of continuity acquire the covariant derivative characteristic of coupled matter-field systems. General relativity, it turns out, exhibits local gauge invariance. Noether's theorem also laid the foundation for later generations to apply local gauge invariance to theories of elementary particle interactions. In Dwight E. Neuenschwander's new edition of Emmy Noether's Wonderful Theorem, readers will encounter an updated explanation of Noether's "first" theorem. The discussion of local gauge invariance has been expanded into a detailed presentation of the motivation, proof, and applications of the "second" theorem, including Noether's resolution of concerns about general relativity. Other refinements in the new edition include an enlarged biography of Emmy Noether's life and work, parallels drawn between the present approach and Noether's original 1918 paper, and a summary of the logic behind Noether's theorem.
Rezensionen / Stimmen
As this book is well written and contains a very good set of exercises, it can serve as the primary text for a special topics course.
-Choice Nadis gives no technical details, but Neuenschwander does, in a book for physics majors with a strong background in mathematics; the book does not shy away from Lie groups and the study of invariants. This new edition delves into distinctions between two Noether theorems and adds more exercises, references, and details.
-Mathematics Magazine Neuenschwander sets out from the beginning to help the reader who must be familiar with calculus and a few other standard topics, but who is not yet fluent in these areas. His role is to be the teacher on the side, prompting the reader with interesting observations and questions. He anticipates problems, guides you, yet also makes you think things through. Not only a very worthwhile read for its content but also for its style.
-Ken Zetie, St. Paul's School, Mathematical Gazette Well-written... Throughout there is reference to the life of Emmy Noether, including the many difficulties related to being a woman in a man's world... I am glad her story is given an airing here as she fails to be as famous as she undoubtedly should be.
-Phil Dyke, FIMA, Mathematics Today Technical and yet ultimately poetic book on Emmy Neother's wonderful theorems... Neuenschwander's work is recommended for anyone who wants to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of the physics and mathematics behind Emmy Noether's work, as well as the particular challenges she faced in her life.
-Miriam R. Aczel, Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Contemporary Physics
Auflage
revised and updated edition
Sprache
Verlagsort
Zielgruppe
Für höhere Schule und Studium
Editions-Typ
Produkt-Hinweis
Illustrationen
5 s/w Abbildungen, 15 s/w Zeichnungen
15 Line drawings, black and white; 5 Illustrations, black and white
Maße
Höhe: 228 mm
Breite: 151 mm
Dicke: 27 mm
Gewicht
ISBN-13
978-1-4214-2267-1 (9781421422671)
DOI
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Klassifikation
Dwight E. Neuenschwander is a professor of physics at Southern Nazarene University. He is a columnist for the Observer, the magazine of the Society for Physics Students, and the author of Tensor Calculus for Physics: A Concise Guide.
Autor*in
Professor of Physics, Department ChairSouthern Nazarene University
Preface
Acknowledgments
Questions
Part I. When Functionals Are External
1. Symmetry
1.1. Symmetry, Invariances, and Conservation Laws
1.2. Meet Emmy Noether
2. Functionals
2.1. Single-Integral Functionals
2.2. Formal Definition of a Functional
3. Extremals
3.1. The Euler-Lagrange Equation
3.2. Conservation Laws as Corollariesto the Euler-Lagrange Equation
3.3. On the Equivalence of Hamilton's Principleand Newton's Second Law
3.4. Where Do Functional Extremal PrinciplesCome From?
3.5. Why Kinetic Minus Potential Energy?
3.6. Extremals with External Constraints
Part II. When Functionals Are Invariant
4. Invariance
4.1. Formal Definition of Invariance
4.2. The Invariance Identity
4.3. A More Liberal Definition of Invariance
5. Emmy Noether's Elegant (First) Theorem
5.1. Invariance + Extremal = Noether's Theorem
5.2. Executive Summary of Noether's Theorem
5.3. "Extremal" or "Stationary"?
5.4. An Inverse Problem
5.5. Adiabatic Invariance in Noether's Theorem
Part III. The Invariance of Fields
6. Noether's Theorem and Fields
6.1. Multiple-Integral Functionals
6.2. Euler-Lagrange Equations for Fields
6.3. Canonical Momentum and the HamiltonianTensor for Fields
6.4. Equations of Continuity
6.5. The Invariance Identity for Fields
6.6. Noether's Theorem for Fields
6.7. Complex Fields
6.8. Global Gauge Transformations
7. Local Gauge Transformations of Fields
7.1. Local Gauge Invariance and Minimal Coupling
7.2. Electrodynamics as a Gauge Theory,Part 1
7.3. Pure Electrodynamics, Spacetime Invariances,and Conservation Laws
7.4. Electrodynamics as a Gauge Theory,Part 2
7.5. Local Gauge Invariance and Noether Currents
7.6. Internal Degrees of Freedom
7.7. Noether's Theorem and GaugedInternal Symmetries
8. Emmy Noether's Elegant (Second) Theorem
8.1. Two Noether Theorems
8.2. Noether's Second Theorem
8.3. Parametric Invariance
8.4. Free Fall in a Gravitational Field
8.5. The Gravitational Field Equations
8.6. The Functionals of General Relativity
8.7. Gauge Transformations on Spacetime
8.8. Noether's Resolution of an Enigma inGeneral Relativity
Part IV. Trans-Noether Invariance
9. Invariance in Phase Space
9.1. Phase Space
9.2. Hamilton's Principle in Phase Space
9.3. Noether's Theorem and Hamilton's Equations
9.4. Hamilton-Jacobi Theory
10. The Action as a Generator
10.1. Conservation of Probabilityand Continuous Transformations
10.2. The Poetry of Nature
Appendixes
A. Scalars, Vectors, and Tensors
B. Special Relativity
C. Equations of Motion in Quantum Mechanics
D. Conjugate Variables and Legendre Transformations
E. The Jacobian
F. The Covariant Derivative
Bibliography
Index
