Countering Cyberterrorism

Introduction.- References.- Cyber Threats and the Security Risks They Pose to National Security: An Assessment of Cybersecurity Policy in the United Kingdom.- Abstract.- Introduction.- The Most Prevalent Cyber Threats.- The UK Cyber Landscape.- How Cyber Threats Are Identified in the UK Threats.- Types of Cyber-Attacks.- The UK Cybersecurity Policies and Practices Cybersecurity in Government Policies and Strategies.- Current Policies, Strategies, and Practices.- National Cyber Security Centre.- Active Cyber Defence Programme.- National Cyber Security Strategy 2022-2030.- Recommendations.- Criticisms of the NCSC and Recommendations.- Criticisms of the ACD and Recommendations.- Criticisms of the NCSS 2022-2030 and Recommendations.- Recommendations for the Government's Role.- Discussion and Conclusion- Key Findings.- Limitations of the Chapter.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence in National Security: Applications and Issues.- Abstract.- Introduction.- Background.- Definitions.- National and Domestic Security.- Definition of Artificial Intelligence.- The Internet of Things.- The Internet of Things Forensics.- AI and IoT in National and Domestic Security.- The Role of AI and IoT in Digital Security.- AI for Protecting IoT Devices against Hacking.- The Malicious Use of AI to Hack IoT Devices.- The Use of AI in the Military to Hack IoT Devices. - The Use of AI by Institutions to Safeguard Citizens.- AI and IoT in Political Security.- Deepfake and Mis- and Disinformation.- AI and the Formation of Filter Bubbles.- AI and Online Content Moderation.- AI and IoT in Physical Security.- Augmented Intelligence Analysis.- Military Weaponisation of AI and the IoT.- Privacy Implications of AI Algorithms.- Impacts of AI Algorithms on User Privacy.- Legal Frameworks for Privacy Relating AI Algorithms.- Potential Solutions for Privacy Implications.- Conclusion.- References.- Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things.- Forensics in a National Security Context.- Abstract.- Introduction.- AI Techniques in Automating Tasks of IoT Forensics.- A Brief Summary of IoT Forensics from Chapter 3.- Types of AI Techniques Relevant to IoT Forensics.- Natural Language Processing.- Machine Learning.- Machine Learning and Anomaly Detection.- Machine Learning and Detection of Steganography.- Machine Learning and Detection of Steganography.- Sources and Detection of Algorithmic Bias.- Algorithmic Bias.- Sources of Algorithmic Bias.- Algorithmic Transparency and Military AI.- Recommendations.- Recommendations for Detecting Algorithmic Bias.- Recommendation for Algorithmic Transparency in Military AI Applications.- Conclusion.- References.- The Application of Big Data Predictive Analytics and Surveillance Technologies in the Field of Policing.- Abstract.- Introduction.- Key Concepts and History of AI- Predictive Policing.- History of AI.- Facial Recognition Technology.- 3D Facial Recognition.- Machine Learning.- SupervisedLearning.- Unsupervised Learning.- Reinforcement Learning.- Support Vector Machine.- Natural Language Processing.- Big Data.- RQ 1: The Use of AI by Law Enforcement I.- Big Data Predictive Analytics.- PredPol.- CompStat.- Person-Based Forecasting.- Innovative Surveillance Technology.- Hard and Soft Technology.- Closed-Circuit Television.- Facial Recognition Technology.- Body-Worn Cameras.- Social Media.- RQ 2: The Use of AI by Law Enforcement II.- ML and Data Mining in Policing.- Police Discrimination and Big Data.- DNA Databases and Big Data.- Recommendations.- Accountability and Transparency.- Bias in ML Algorithms.- Conclusion.- References.- The Potential Impacts of the National Security Uses of Big Data Predictive Analytics on Human Rights.- Abstract.- Introduction.- Background.- Big Data Predictive Analytics.- The Application of Predictive Policing.- Civil Liberties and National Security.- RQ 1: The Use of AI by Law Enforcement I.- Civil Liberties and National Security.- ChillingEffect, Privacy Rights and Freedom of Speech.- The Fourth Amendment and Stop and Search.- Striking a Smart Balance.- RQ 2: The Use of AI by Law Enforcement II.- Overpolicing of Certain Areas.- Focus on Crimes of the Poor.- System Avoidance.- Recommendations.- Conclusion.- References.- National Artificial Intelligence Strategies: A Comparison of the UK, EU and US Approaches with Those Adopted by State Adversaries.- Abstract.- Introduction .- AI Strategies of the UK, EU and US.- The UK AI Strategy.- The EU AI Strategy.- AI Strategies of Russia and China.- The Chinese AI Strategy.- The Russian AI Strategy.- Shortcomings and Recommendations.- Shortcomings of the UK AI Strategy.- Shortcomings of the EU AI Strategy.- Shortcomings of the US AI Strategy.- Shortcomings of the Chinese AI Strategy.- Shortcomings of the Russian AI Strategy.- Conclusion.- References.