Air Pollution

1 Introduction.- References.- 2 The Investigation Site.- References.- 3 Research Concept and Coordination.- References.- 4 General Outline of the Measuring Station.- References.- 5 Experimental Procedures.- 5.1. Sampling Techniques.- 5.1.1 Rainwater Sampler.- 5.1.2 Throughfall Measurements.- 5.1.3 Sampling of Size-Fractionated Particulates.- 5.1.4 Gas Measurements.- 5.1.5 Sampling of Soil Solution and Plant Components.- 5.2 Analytical Techniques.- 5.2.1 General Aspects.- 5.2.2 Sample Preparation for Trace Element Analysis.- 5.2.3 Total-Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF).- 5.2.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES).- 5.2.5 Ion Chromatography and pH Measurements.- 5.2.6 Gas Analysis.- References.- 6 Methodology for the Determination of Atmospheric Deposition and of Fluxes within the Ecosystem Compartments.- 6.1 Basic Considerations on Dry Deposition.- 6.2 Aerosol Measurements.- 6.3 Turbulent Fluxes in the Boundary Layer.- 6.4 Fluxes in the Stand and the Seepage Water.- References.- 7 Trace Elements in Rainwater: Concentrations and Wet Deposition.- 7.1 Concentrations of Dissolved and Particulate Constituents.- 7.2 Wet Deposition.- 7.2.1 Meteorological Aspects.- 7.2.2 Long-Term Mean Values.- 7.2.3 Seasonal Variations.- 7.2.4 Annual Means and Long-Term Trends.- References.- 8 Deposition of Anions and Cations Via Precipitation.- 8.1 Meteorology and Source-Receptor Relationship.- 8.2 Deposition of SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, F- and NH4+: Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends.- 8.3 pH Values and H+-Ion Deposition.- References.- 9 Trace Elements in Size-Fractionated Particulates: Concentrations and Dry Deposition into a Forest Ecosystem.- 9.1 Differential Trace Element Concentrations.- 9.2 Dry Deposition of Trace Elements.- 9.2.1 Meteorological Aspects.- 9.2.2 Long-Term Average Values.- 9.2.3 Seasonal Variations.- 9.2.4 Annual Mean Values and Long-Term Trends.- References.- 10 Total Deposition of Trace Elements.- References.- 11 Element Supply and Element Fluxes in the Forest Ecosystem Compartments.- 11.1 Element Supply in the Mineral Soil and the Humus Layer.- 11.2 Biomass and Element Content in the Tree Compartments.- 11.3 Balance of Element Fluxes.- References.- 12 Concentrations and Deposition of Gaseous Pollutants: SO2, NO2, NO, NH3 and O3.- 12.1 Gas Concentrations and Weather Conditions.- 12.2 Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends of the Gas Concentrations.- 12.3 Nocturnal Ozone Maxima.- 12.4 Dry Deposition: Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends.- 12.5 Deposition Velocities.- References.- 13 Impact of Gaseous Pollutants on the Forest Ecosystem.- 13.1 Interrelations Between the Concentrations of Pollutants and Carbon Dioxide.- 13.2 Associated Vertical Fluxes.- References.- 14 Summary and Conclusions.- References.