To the Teacher........................................................................................................................xAcknowledgments................................................................................................................ xiChapter Overview................................................................................................................xiiiCHAPTER 1 Expository Essays...................................................................... 1Introduction ...................................................................................................................2Analyzing the Model .....................................................................................................2Noticing Vocabulary: Negative Prefixes ................................................................5Organization .................................................................................................................6A Clear Thesis Statement ............................................................................................6Topic Sentences............................................................................................................7A Strong Conclusion.....................................................................................................8Grammar ........................................................................................................................9Using Articles.................................................................................................................9The Writing Process ................................................................................................12Applying Vocabulary: Using Negative Prefixes ...................................................18Writing Assignment: A Personal Essay about the Writing Experience ...........18Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................20Expansion ....................................................................................................................20Timed Writing: An Opening Paragraph for a Personal Essay..............................20Complete the Personal Essay...................................................................................20CHAPTER 2 Classification Essays............................................................. 21Introduction .................................................................................................................22Analyzing the Model....................................................................................................22Noticing Vocabulary: Collocations .......................................................................25Organization ...............................................................................................................26Introductory Paragraph..............................................................................................26Body Paragraphs ........................................................................................................27Concluding Paragraph ...............................................................................................28Establishing Unity and Coherence ....................................................................28Unity..............................................................................................................................28Coherence....................................................................................................................28Grammar ......................................................................................................................31Using Quantifiers.........................................................................................................31Preparation for Writing ...........................................................................................33Planning, Observing, and Note Taking ....................................................................33Conducting Surveys and Administering Questionnaires ......................................34Applying Vocabulary: Using Collocations ...........................................................37Writing Assignment: A Classification Essay from Survey Data ........................37Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................39Expansion ....................................................................................................................39Timed Writing: Two Paragraphs Based on Survey Data ......................................39Observing Other People.............................................................................................40CHAPTER 3 Process Essays.......................................................................... 41Introduction .................................................................................................................42Analyzing the Model ...................................................................................................42Noticing Vocabulary: Irregular Plurals from Latin and Greek ...........................45Organization ...............................................................................................................46Introductory Paragraph..............................................................................................46Body Paragraphs ........................................................................................................47Concluding Paragraph ...............................................................................................47Outlining .......................................................................................................................48Sentence Structure ..................................................................................................49Run-on and Comma-Spliced Sentences.................................................................49Choppy and Stringy Sentences................................................................................51Preparation for Writing ...........................................................................................55Making Transitions between Steps in a Process....................................................56Writing a Summary and an Abstract .................................................................58Procedure for Summarizing an Article.....................................................................58Applying Vocabulary: Using Irregular Plurals from Latin and Greek ................60Writing Assignment: A Process Essay about an Experiment ...........................61Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................63Expansion ....................................................................................................................63Timed Writing: A Paragraph Summary of the Writing Model...............................63Write a Scientific Process Essay...............................................................................63CHAPTER 4 Cause / Effect Essays ...........................................................64Introduction .................................................................................................................65Analyzing the Models .................................................................................................65Noticing Vocabulary: Phrasal Verbs .....................................................................70Organization ...............................................................................................................71Chain Organization .....................................................................................................72Block Organization .....................................................................................................73Distinguishing between Cause and Effect ..............................................................75Sentence Structure ..................................................................................................77Using Parallelism.........................................................................................................77Preparation for Writing ...........................................................................................79Conducting Research.................................................................................................79Quoting Material from Outside Sources .........................................................80Punctuating Quotations .............................................................................................80Applying Vocabulary: Using Phrasal Verbs .........................................................82Writing Assignment: A Cause / Effect Essay about a Historical Event ...........83Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................85Expansion ....................................................................................................................85Timed Writing: A Paragraph Summary of a Writing Model..................................85Examining Alternatives...............................................................................................85CHAPTER 5 Extended Definition Essays............................................... 86Introduction .................................................................................................................87Analyzing the Model ...................................................................................................87Noticing Vocabulary: Synonyms, 1 ......................................................................90Grammar ......................................................................................................................91Noun Clauses ..............................................................................................................91Adjective Clauses .......................................................................................................92Organization ...............................................................................................................96Three Ways to Define a Term ....................................................................................97Expanding on a Definition........................................................................................100Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................101Paraphrasing Material from Sources......................................................................101Applying Vocabulary: Using Synonyms, 1..........................................................105Writing Assignment: An Extended Definition Essay about a Concept ..........106Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................108Expansion ..................................................................................................................108Timed Writing: Paraphrase a Paragraph from the Writing Model.....................108Writing a Definition....................................................................................................108CHAPTER 6 Problem / Solution Essays ...............................................109Introduction ...............................................................................................................110Analyzing the Model .................................................................................................110Noticing Vocabulary: Adverbial Intensifiers .......................................................113Organization .............................................................................................................114Introductory Paragraph............................................................................................114Body Paragraphs ......................................................................................................115Concluding Paragraph .............................................................................................116Grammar ....................................................................................................................116Forming Adverbial Phrases .....................................................................................116Eliminating Dangling Modifiers ...............................................................................119Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................120Researching a Topic in Multiple Sources ..............................................................120Synthesizing Material from Sources ......................................................................122Applying Vocabulary: Using Adverbial Intensifiers ...........................................125Writing Assignment: A Problem / Solution Essay about Education ................125Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................127Expansion ..................................................................................................................127Timed Writing: A Summary of a Writing Model....................................................127Complete the Essay..................................................................................................127CHAPTER 7 Summary / Response Essays.........................................128Introduction ...............................................................................................................129Analyzing the Model .................................................................................................129Noticing Vocabulary: Words Related to Cultural Change .................................131Organization .............................................................................................................132The Summary.............................................................................................................133The Response ...........................................................................................................133Grammar ....................................................................................................................135Using Passive and Active Voice Appropriately.....................................................135Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................138Writing the Opening Summary................................................................................138Writing the Response ...............................................................................................139Applying Vocabulary: Using Words Related to Cultural Change.....................142Writing Assignment: A Summary / Response Essay on Culture .....................143Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................144Expansion ..................................................................................................................145Timed Writing: Summarize and Respond to a Passage on Culture .................145Research and Respond ...........................................................................................145CHAPTER 8 Argumentative Essays ........................................................ 146Introduction ...............................................................................................................147Analyzing the Models ...............................................................................................147Noticing Vocabulary: Synonyms, 2 ......................................................................150Grammar ....................................................................................................................151Modal Verbs...............................................................................................................151Phrasal Modals..........................................................................................................153Subjunctive Mode.....................................................................................................154Organization .............................................................................................................155Block Organization....................................................................................................156Point-by-Point Organization....................................................................................157The Introductory Paragraph(s).................................................................................158Body Paragraphs ......................................................................................................159Concluding Paragraph .............................................................................................160Planning Your Argument ......................................................................................161Knowing Your Audience...........................................................................................161Responding to Counterarguments .........................................................................162Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................163Finding Support for Your Argument .......................................................................163Research the Counterarguments............................................................................164Applying Vocabulary: Using Synonyms, 2..........................................................165Writing Assignment: An Argumentative Essay on a Controversial Topic ......165Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................167Expansion ..................................................................................................................168Timed Writing: A Short Argumentative Essay......................................................168Taking the Opposite Position ..................................................................................168CHAPTER 9 Research Papers..................................................................... 169Introduction ...............................................................................................................170Analyzing the Model .................................................................................................170Noticing Vocabulary: Antonyms ..........................................................................173Organization .............................................................................................................173Point-by-Point Organization....................................................................................174Source-by-Source Organization .............................................................................174Grammar ....................................................................................................................177Sequence of Tenses .................................................................................................177Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................179Narrowing Your Focus..............................................................................................179Developing an Effective Thesis Statement............................................................182Documenting Research............................................................................................183Applying Vocabulary: Using Antonyms ..............................................................185Writing Assignment: A Research Paper of Five or More Pages .....................186Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................187Expansion ..................................................................................................................188Timed Writing: A Two-Paragraph Response to an Article..................................188Evaluating Sources ...................................................................................................188APPENDICESAppendix A Writing Guides ....................................................................................189Appendix B Connecting Words and Transition Signals .....................................195Appendix C Article Usage ......................................................................................203Appendix D Common Phrasal Verbs ....................................................................206Appendix E Commonly Confused Words .............................................................208Appendix F Commonly Misspelled Words ...........................................................211Appendix G Documenting Sources with MLA and APA Formats .....................212Appendix H Correction Symbols ...........................................................................221Appendix I Peer Review and Writer's Self-Check Worksheets .........................224Index....................................................................................................................................243Credits.................................................................................................................................248
