Detection and Spectrometry of Faint Light

1. The Principles of Spectrometry.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2. Parameters which Define a Spectrometer.- 1.3. Instrumental Profile.- 1.4. Free Spectral Range.- 1.5. Maximum Wavelength Resolution.- 1.6. Brightness of a Source.- 1.7. Luminosity of a Spectrometer.- 1.8. Flux.- 1.9. Luminosity Resolution Product.- 1.10. Spectral Simultaneity Gain.- 1.11. Spatial Simultaneity Gain.- 1.12. Responsive Quantum Efficiency.- 1.13. A Factor of Merit for a Spectrometer.- 1.14. Combining a Spectrometer with a Telescope.- 2. The Quantum Detectors.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Performance.- 2.3. Responsive Quantum Efficiency and its Variations.- 2.4. Receiver Noise.- 2.5. Detective Quantum Efficiency.- 2.6. Multiplicity.- 2.7. Event Capacity.- 2.8. Linearity of Response.- 2.9. Dynamic Range.- 2.10. Linear Resolution.- 2.11. Operation.- 2.12. The Photographic Emulsion.- 2.13. The Photocathode.- 2.14. The Photomultiplier.- 2.15. The Electronic Image Tubes.- 2.16. Phosphor Output Tubes.- 2.17. Electronographic Tubes.- 2.18. Digital Image Tubes.- 3. The Prism Spectrometers.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Comparisons.- 3.3. Objective Prism Spectrographs.- 3.4. The Single-Slit, Single-Detector Prism Monochromator.- 4. Useful Diffraction Gratings.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Principles.- 4.3. Maxima.- 4.4. Blazing.- 4.5. Practical Plane Reflection Gratings.- 4.6. Ebert Configuration.- 4.7. Littrow Configuration.- 4.8. Practical Plane Transmission Gratings.- 4.9. Gratings in Series or with Multiple Dispersions.- 4.10. Classically Combining a Dispersive Grating Spectrometer with an Astronomical Telescope.- 5. Dispersive Spectrometers Employing Gratings.- 5.1. The Single-Entrance Slit Blazed-Grating Spectographs.- 5.2. The Slitless Blazed-Grating Spectrograph.- 5.3. The Multi-Entrance Slit Blazed Grating Spectrograph.- 5.4. The Single-Entrance Slit, Multi-Exit Slit, Blazed-Grating Monochromator.- 5.5. The Single-Entrance and Exit Slit, Blazed-Grating Monochromators.- 5.6. The Single-Entrance Slit, Many-Photomultiplier, Blazed-Grating Polychromator.- 5.7. The Multi-Band, Blazed-Grating Spectrograph.- 5.8. The Multi-Entrance and Exit-Slit, Single-Photomultiplier Blazed-Grating Monochromator.- 5.9. Objective and Non-Objective Blazed-Grating Spectrographs.- 5.10. The Blazed-Grating Monochromators with Grilles.- 5.11. The Coded-Mask, Multiplex, Grating Spectrometers.- 6. Useful High-Order Plane Fabry-Pérot Etalons.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Theory.- 6.3. All-Dielectric Multilayer Reflection Coatings.- 6.4. Cavity Losses.- 6.5. Acceptance Solid Angle.- 6.6. Defects.- 6.7. The Effective Finesse.- 6.8. Luminosity-Resolution Product.- 6.9. Scanning and Tuning Fabry-Pérots.- 6.10. Practical Fabry-Pérots - Optically-Contacted Etalons.- 6.11. Exact Fractions for a Pressure Tuned Fabry-Pérot.- 6.12. Practical Fabry-Pérots - Piezo-Mounted Etalons.- 6.13. Practical Fabry-Pérots - Solid High-Order Etalons.- 6.14. The Spherical Fabry-Pérot.- 7. Interference Filters and Their Cameras.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Luminosity Resolution Product.- 7.3. Variation of the Pass-Band Maximum across the Diameter.- 7.4. Position of the Passband Maximum On-Axis.- 7.5. Variations of the Passband Maximum with Temperature.- 7.6. Variations of the Passband Maximum with Time.- 7.7. Cameras Exploiting Interference Filters.- 7.8. Direct and Quasi-Telecentric Filter Cameras.- 7.9. Telecentric Filter Cameras.- 7.10. Classically Combining a Filter Camera.- 7.11. Wide Field Cameras.- 8. The High-Order Fabry-Pérot Spectrometers.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. The Classical Fabry-Pérot Spectrograph.- 8.3.The High-Order, Gas-Spaced, Fabry-Pérot as a Variable, Narrow Filter.- 8.4. The Non-Classical Fabry-Pérot Spectrograph.- 8.5. The Insect-Eye Fabry-Pérot Spectrograph.- 8.6. The Classical, Single-Fringe, Gas-Spaced Fabry-Pérot Monochromator.- 8.7. The Non-Classical (Telecentric) Single-Fringe, Gas-Spaced, Fabry-Pérot Monochromator.- 8.8. The Classical Multi-Fringe, Gas-Spaced Fabry-Pérot Monochromator.- 8.9. The Multi-Etalon, Single-Fringe, Fabry-Pérot, Monochromators (PEPSIOS).- 9. The Fourier Transform Spectrometers.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Two-Beam Interferometric Fourier Transform Spectrometers.- 9.3. Lamellar Grating Fourier Transform Spectrometers.- 10. Some Crossed Spectrometers.- 10.1. Grating × Fabry-Pérot Monochromators and Polychromators.- 10.2. The SISAM Monochromator.- 10.3. The SISAM × Fabry-Pérot Monochromator.- 11. Signal to Noise Ratios-The Principal Criteria of Merit.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Types of Noise.- 11.3. Problem 1.- 11.4. Problem 2.- 11.5. Problem 3.- 11.6. General Comment.