Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates

?Contributors
Foreword
Preface
1 The Role of Ruminants in Warm Climates
1. Introduction
II. What Are the Ruminants?
III. Contributions of Domestic Ruminants to Human Welfare
IV. Improving the Efficiency of Tropical Ruminants
References
2 Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants
I. General Requirements
II. Energy-Protein Requirements
III. Factors Influencing Mineral Requirements
IV. Nutritional Relationships to Diseases and Parasites
V. Environment and Stress
VI. Nonnutrient Factors Affecting Requirements
References
3 Water Requirements for Grazing Ruminants and Water as a Source of Minerals
I. Introduction
11. Water Turnover in Ruminants
III. Voluntary Intake of Water
IV. Effect of Dry Matter Intake on Water Consumption
V. Effect of Water Deprivation on Feed Intake and Utilization
VI. Effect of Temperature on Water Intake and Digestibility of Nutrients
VII. Effect of Salinity on Water Consumption
VIII. Water and Electrolyte Metabolism
IX. Nutrient Elements in Water
X. Toxic Elements and Substances in Drinking Water
XI. Summary
References
4 Thermal Stress as a Factor Associated with Nutrient Requirements and Interrelationships
I. Introduction
II. Physiological Responses of Ruminants to Thermal Stress
III. Metabolic and Hormonal Responses to Thermal Stress
IV. Effects of Thermal Stress on Nutrient Requirements
References
5 Forages for Grazing Systems in Warm Climates
I. Introduction
II. Selected Warm-Climate Perennial Grass Types
III. Selected Warm-Climate Perennial Legumes
References
6 Pasture Management for Optimum Ruminant Production
I. Pasture Maintenance and Renovation
II. Pasture Type and Grazing Management
III. Grass-Legume Mixtures
IV. Grazing Management Systems
V. Herbage Quality
VI. Pasture Use for Animal Production
References
7 Providing Energy-Proteni Supplementatnio During the Dry Season
I. Development of the Production System
II. Improving Ruminant Production Potential of Dry-Season Forage
III. Sources of Supplemental Crude Protein or Energy
IV. Management for Forage Conservation and Efficient Dry-Season Feeding
References
8 Contribution of Tropical Forages and Soil Toward Meeting Mineral Requirement s of Grazing Ruminants
I. Introduction
II. Tropical Forages as Sources of Minerals
III. Soils as Sources of Minerals
References
9 Calcium, Phosphorous, and Fluorine
I. General
II. Calcium and Phosphorus
III. Fluorine
References
10 Common Salt (Sodium and Chlorine), Magnesium, and Potassium
I. General
II. Common Salt (Sodium and Chlorine)
III. Magnesium
IV. Potassium
References
11 Copper, Molybdenum, and Sulfur
I. Introduction
II. Metabolism of Copper and Molybdenum
III. Copper and Molybdenum Requirements
IV. Copper Deficiency
V. Prevention and Control of Copper Deficiency
VI. Toxicity of Copper and Molybdenum
VII. Sulfur
References
12 Cobalt, Iodine, and Selenium
I. General
II. Cobalt
III. Iodine
IV. Selenium
References
13 Iron, Manganese, and Zinc
I. General
II. Iron
III. Manganese
IV. Zinc
References
14 Newly Discovered and Toxic Elements
I. Introduction
II. Toxic Elements
III. Newly Discovered Trace Elements
IV. Significance of Newly Discovered and Toxic Elements for Grazing Livestock
References
15 Detection of Mineral Status of Grazing Ruminants
I. Introduction
II. Clinical and Pathological Evaluation
III. Analysis of Water, Soil, and Forage
IV. Examination of Tissues and Fluids
V. Response to Supplementation
VI. Analyses Most Indicative of Mineral Status
VII. A Mapping Technique for Determining Mineral Deficiencies and Toxicities
References
16 Incidence of Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses in Tropical Regions and Beneficial Results of Mineral Supplementatnio
I. Introduction
II. Geographical Distribution of Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxicities
III. Energy-Protein Deficiencies in Ruminants
IV. Incidence of Mineral Deficiencies and Toxicities
V. Mineral Supplementation Results
VI. Disease Conditions Related to Minerals
VII. Seasonal Needs for Supplemental Minerals
VIII. Economic Benefits from Mineral Supplementation
References
17 Free-Choiec Mineral Supplementatino and Methods of Mineral Evaluation
I. Introduction
II. Methods of Providing Minerals to Grazing Livestock
III. Free-Choice Mineral Supplementation
IV. Factors Affecting Mineral Consumption
V. Selecting a Free-Choice Mineral Supplement
VI. Information Required for Mineral Supplement Formulation
VII. Calculations Required for Mineral Supplement Formulation
VIII. Mineral Supplement Evaluation
References
18 Vitamin Nutrition for Ruminants
I. Introduction
II. Vitamin A
III. Vitamin D
IV. Vitamin ?
V. Vitamin ?
VI. B-Complex Vitamins
VII. Providing Vitamin Supplements
References
Appendix
Index