Feeding Beef Cattle

1 Nutrients.- Proximate Feed Analysis.- Chemical Classification of Nutrients.- 1.1 Water.- 1.1.1 Drinking Water.- 1.1.2 Moisture Content of Feed and Diet.- 1.1.2.1 Effect of Moisture Content of Feed or Diet on Animal Performance.- 1.1.2.2 Effect of Moisture Content on Feed and Storage Qualities.- 1.1.2.3 Effect of Moisture Content When Purchasing Large Quantities of Feed.- 1.2 Protein.- 1.2.1 Digestible Protein.- 1.2.2 Choice of Protein Supplements.- 1.2.3 Nonprotein Nitrogen Sources.- 1.3 Fats.- 1.4 Carbohydrates.- 1.5 Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN).- 1.6 Efficient Use of Urea.- 1.6.1 Urea Supplements fpr Various Feeding Conditions and Weights of Cattle.- 1.6.1.1 For Weanling Calves.- 1.6.1.2 For Wintering Calves Over 500 lbs, for Replacement Heifers, and Young Bulls.- 1.6.1.3 For Pregnant or Dry Cows on Pasture and in Drylot.- 1.6.1.4 For Feedlot Cattle on High Energy Rations.- 1.6.2 Ammonia Toxicity.- References and Supplemental Literature.- 2 Classification of Feeds.- 2.1 Forages.- 2.1.1 Dry Forages.- 2.1.1.1 Legumes.- 2.1.1.2 Other Legumes.- 2.1.1.3 Nonlegumes.- 2.1.2 Green or Succulent Forages.- 2.1.2.1 Silages.- 2.1.2.2 Corn and Sorghum Silages.- 2.1.2.3 Silage Preservatives.- 2.1.2.4 Haylage.- 2.1.2.5 Soilage (Green Chop).- 2.2 Concentrates.- 2.2.1 Low Protein Concentrates (Less than 15% Protein).- 2.2.1.1 Cereal Grains.- 2.2.1.2 Molasses.- 2.2.1.3 Beet Pulp.- 2.2.1.4 Mill Byproducts.- 2.2.2 Medium Protein Concentrates (15-25% Protein).- 2.2.3 High Protein Concentrates (Over 25% Protein).- References and Supplemental Literature.- 3 Procedures in Ration Formulation.- 3.1 Balancing Rations.- 3.1.1 Information or Materials Needed.- 3.2 Procedure for Formulating Rations.- 3.2.1 Formulating a Simple Ration Involving Two or Three Feeds.- 3.2.2 Formulating a Ration with Specific Concentrate Level.- References and Supplemental Literature.- 4 Processing Feeds for Beef Cattle.- 4.1 Methods of Processing.- 4.1.1 Grinding, Cracking, or Dry Rolling.- 4.1.2 Extruding.- 4.1.3 Pelleting.- 4.1.4 Roasting.- 4.1.5 Popping.- 4.1.6 Micronizing.- 4.1.7 Steam Rolling.- 4.1.8 Steam Flaking; Pressure Flaking.- 4.2 High-Moisture Grains; Reconstituting.- 4.2.1 Soaking.- 4.2.2 Sprouting.- 4.2.3 Exploding.- References and Supplemental Literature.- 5 Systems of Feeding.- 5.1 Pasture Feeding.- 5.2 Growing Cattle.- 5.2.1 Feeding Replacement Heifers.- 5.2.1.1 Protein.- 5.2.1.2 Minerals (Calcium, Phosphorus, and Salt).- 5.2.1.3 Vitamin A.- 5.2.2 Feeding Replacement Feeder Cattle (Backgrounding).- 5.3 Finishing Cattle.- 5.3.1 Concentrate-to-Forage Ratio.- 5.3.2 Substitution of Feeds.- 5.3.2.1 Grains.- 5.3.2.2 Forages.- 5.3.3 Protein Levels and Sources.- 5.3.3.1 For Finishing Lightweight Feeders.- 5.3.3.2 For Finishing Yearling Cattle.- 5.3.4 Mineral Supplementation.- 5.3.4.1 Salt(NaCl).- 5.3.5 Calcium and Phosphorus.- 5.3.6 Potassium and Other Elements.- 5.3.7 Vitamin A Supplementation.- References and Supplemental Literature.- 6 Feed Additives.- 6.1 Antibiotics.- 6.1.1 For Young Calves.- 6.1.2 For Feedlot Cattle.- 6.1.3 For Range Cows and Bulls.- 6.2 Anthelmintics.- 6.3 Bloat Prevention.- 6.4 Coccidiostat.- 6.5 Foot Rot.- 6.6 Grubicide.- 6.7 Melengestrol Acetate.- 6.8 Rumensin.- 6.9 Stilbestrol.- References and Supplemental Literature.- 7 Growth Stimulants.- 7.1 Stilbestrol Implants.- 7.1.1 For Range Cattle.- 7.1.2 For Feedlot Cattle.- 7.2 Synovex Implants.- 7.3 Ralgro Implants.- References and Supplemental Literature.