Neurobiology of Feeding and Nutrition

PrefaceIntroductionChapter One Normal Feeding I. Basic Concepts: Methods of Observation and of Measurement II. Ad Libitum Feeding Patterns in an Animal Model: The Rat III. Food Deprivation-Induced Feeding IV. Feeding Schedules V. Changes in Feeding Patterns as a Function of Altered Meal Size, Food Utilization, and Food Demand VI. Human Feeding Patterns VII. Feeding-Drinking Relationships VIII. Sleep and Food Intake ReferencesChapter Two The Stimulus to Eat I. Meal Initiation in Undeprived Animals II. The Systemic Stimulus of Food Deprivation-Induced Feeding III. Metabolic and Neuroendocrine Bases for the Diurnal Periodicity of Feeding IV. Initiation of Scheduled Meals V. A Behavioral Self-Regulation of Blood Glucose Level by Rats VI. Metabolic and Feeding Effects of Alteration in Glucoregulation and Glucose Utilization VII. Metabolic Bases for Hunger and Eating in Humans ReferencesChapter Three Brain Mechanisms of Feeding: The Hunger-Satiety System I. Intracranial Administration II. Electrical and Self-Stimulation of the Lateral Hypothalamus III. The Lateral Hypothalamus and Other Brain Lesions IV. Brain Glucosensitive Neurons and Feeding ReferencesChapter Four The Sensory Stimulation to Eat and Not to Eat I. Alimentary Stimuli II. Synergistic Combination of Systemic and Sensory Stimuli in the Initial Stimulation of Eating III. Unlearned and Learned Palatability IV. Unconditioned and Conditioned Aversions V. The Palatability of Foods in Human Feeding VI. Odors, Aromas, and Perfumes ReferencesChapter Five Brain Mechanisms of Palatability I. Central Orosensory Projections and Responses II. Brain Mechanisms of Spontaneous and Learned Aversions III. Brain Opiates and Palatability ReferencesChapter Six Determinants of Meal Size I. Oral Determinants of Meal Size in Rats II. Gastrointestinal and Systemic Factors as Determinants of Meal Size III. Determinants of Meal Size in Humans IV. The Cephalic Phase of Insulin Release ReferencesChapter Seven Brain Mechanisms of Meal Eating I. Brain Mechanisms of Satiation II. Central Mechanisms of Mastication and Swallowing ReferencesChapter Eight Regulation of Body Energy Balance and Body Weight I. Regulation of Body Energy Content and Body Composition in the Animal Model II. Reversibility of Induced Overweight and Underweight III. Regulation of Body Weight by the Energy Output IV. Regulation of Body Energy Balance and of Body Weight in Humans V. Feeding in Extra Expenditures and Energy Retention ReferencesChapter Nine Peripheral and Central Mechanisms of the Regulation of Body Energy and Body Weight I. Cellular Self-Regulation of Adipocyte Size and Number II. Central Nervous System Control of Metabolism III. Ventromedial Hypothalamic Lesion IV. Ventromedial Hypothalamic Glucoreceptors V. Insulin Responsiveness of the Ventromedial Hypothalamus as a Putative Lipostatic Mechanism ReferencesChapter Ten Obesity I. Animal Obesities II. Overfeeding and Obesity in Humans ReferencesChapter Eleven Selective Nutrient Appetites I. Selective Appetites for Macronutrients: Protein Appetite II. Self-Selection of Vitamins and Minerals ReferencesChapter Twelve Development of Feeding I. Development of Feeding in the Rat Model II. Feeding in Children ReferencesIndex