Dynamics of Solids and Liquids by Neutron Scattering

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Prologue.- 1.2 Correlation Functions.- 1.3 Nuclear Scattering.- 1.3.1 Scattering by Phonons.- 1.3.2 Phonon Interactions.- 1.3.3 Electron-Phonon Interactions.- 1.3.4 Monoatomic Liquids.- 1.3.5 Molecular Gases.- 1.4 Polarization Effects.- 1.5 Magnetic Scattering.- 1.5.1 Ferromagnetic Spin Waves.- 1.5.2 Antiferromagnetic Spin Waves.- 1.5.3 Paramagnetic Scattering.- Appendix A: Crystal Lattices and Reciprocal Lattices.- References.- 2. Phonons.- 2.1 Lattice Dynamics and Neutron Scattering.- 2.1.1 General Model.- 2.1.2 Rigid-Ion and Shell Models.- 2.1.3 Experimental.- 2.2 Lattice Dynamics of Crystals of the Rutile Type - TiO2, MgF2, and MnF2.- 2.2.1 TiO2.- 2.2.2 MgF2.- 2.2.3 MnF2.- 2.2.4 Conclusions.- 2.3 Phonon Anomalies in Superconducting Materials.- 2.3.1 Transition Metal Carbides.- 2.3.2 A-15 Compounds.- 2.3.3 Niobium-Alloys, Other Compounds, and Impurities.- 2.3.4 Other Superconductors - Tc, Mo-Re, Hg.- 2.3.5 Conclusions.- 2.4 Layered Compounds.- 2.4.1 MoS2.- 2.4.2 NbSe2.- 2.4.3 Graphite.- 2.4.4 PbI2.- 2.4.5 Concluding Remarks.- 2.5 Effects of Pressure on Phonon Spectra.- 2.5.1 Experimental Aspects.- 2.5.2 Phonon Shifts and Widths in Neon.- 2.5.3 Selected Phonons in Rubidium as a Function of Temperature and Volume.- 2.5.4 Conclusions.- References.- 3. Phonons and Structural Phase Transformations.- 3.1 Relation Between Neutron and X-Ray Scattering Techniques.- 3.1.1 Elastic and Inelastic Scattering.- 3.1.2 Experimental Technique.- Inelastic Neutron Scattering.- X-Ray Scattering.- 3.1.3 Correlations and Dimensionality in Real and Reciprocal Space.- 3.2 Fluctuations and Order.- 3.2.1 Soft Modes.- 3.2.2 Critical Slowing Down.- 3.2.3 Eigenvector and Order Parameter.- 3.3 Experimental Results.- 3.3.1 Ferrodistortive Transformations.- 3.3.2 Antiferrodistortive Transformations.- 3.3.3 Modulated Lattices and Low Dimensional Systems.- References.- 4. Dynamics of Molecular Crystals, Polymers, and Adsorbed Species.- 4.1 Molecular Crystals.- 4.1.1 Models for the Lattice Dynamics in Molecular Crystals.- 4.1.2 The Lattice Dynamics of ?-Paradichlorobenzene.- 4.1.3 The Dynamics of Hexamethylenetetramine.- 4.1.4 Incoherent Neutron Scattering, Phonon Density of States, and Intramolecular Vibrations.- 4.1.5 Molecular Torsional Motions and Tunneling Spectroscopy.- 4.1.6 Phonon Density of States Measurements by Optical Spectroscopy.- 4.2 Polymers.- 4.2.1 Polyethylene - the Isolated Chain and Incoherent Scattering Studies.- 4.2.2 Polyoxymethylene.- 4.2.3 Biopolymers.- 4.3 Structure and Dynamics of Adsorbed Species.- 4.3.1 Substrates.- 4.3.2 Physisorption.- 4.3.3 Incoherent Scattering.- 4.4 Chemisorption.- 4.4.1 Hydrocarbons Adsorbed on Zeolites.- 4.4.2 Hydrogen Adsorbed on Metals.- 4.5 Intercalation Compounds.- 4.5.1 Tantalum Disulphide-Ammonia.- 4.5.2 Translational Diffusion in Alumino-Silicate Minerals.- 4.6 Conclusions.- References.- 5. Molecular Rotations, and Diffusion in Solids, in Particular Hydrogen in Metals.- 5.1 Diffusion in Solids, in Particular Hydrogen in Metals.- 5.1.1 General Aspects.- 5.1.2 Experiments on Hydrogen in Pd, a fcc-Lattice.- 5.1.3 Hydrogen in the bcc Metals Ta, Nb, and V.- 5.1.4 The Temperature- and Q-Dependence of the Quasielastic Intensity.- 5.1.5 Conclusions on H-Metal Systems; Other Problems of Diffusion in Solids.- 5.2 Rotations in Molecular Solids.- 5.2.1 Rotations and Hindrance Potential; Scattering Law.- 5.2.2 High Temperatures: Rotational Jumps and Rotational Diffusion.- 5.2.3 Fixed-Window-Method.- 5.2.4 Low Temperature Experiments; Quantum Rotations.- 5.3 Liquids, Liquid Crystals, and Related Problems.- 5.3.1 The Scattering Law for Molecular Liquids.- 5.3.2 Liquid Crystals, Polymers.- References.- 6. Collective Modes in Classical Monoatomic Liquids.- 6.1 Collective Modes.- 6.1.1 Collective Variables.- 6.1.2 Generalized Hydrodynamics.- 6.2 Coherent Scattering.- 6.2.1 Insulating Liquids.- 6.2.2 Liquid Metals.- 6.2.3 Comparison of Systems Studied.- 6.3 Transverse Current Correlations.- 6.4 Relations Between S(Q,?) and Ss(Q,?).- 6.5 Current Issues.- References.- 7. Magnetic Scattering.- 7.1 Magnons in Ionic Compounds.- 7.2 Quasi One- and Two-Dimensional Systems.- 7.2.1 Magnetic Linear-Chain Systems.- 7.2.2 Layered Magnetic Systems.- 7.3 Magnons in Metals.- 7.4 Crystal Field Levels in Rare Earth Compounds.- 7.5 Magnons and Excitons in Rare Earth Metals.- 7.6 Critical Magnetic Scattering.- 7.7 Hyperfine Field Measurements.- References.