Introduction - woodfuel gaps and the death of the forests, where do woodfuels come from?, giving scarcity a human face. Part 1 Rural areas: trees for rural people; popular knowlege and empowerment; farmer-led initiatives; supporting local initiatives; the economics of rural trees; new thinking on tree economics; forestry for land management: definitions and types of agroforestry; options for agricultural areas; options for livestock-keeping areas; a note of caution; constraints on change; household economics, labour and conflicting needs; tenure and rights; gender roles; meeting the constraints; governments and the legacy of history; crossing institutional partnerships; building on local organizations; new government structures; the extension challenge; towards project design; rural cases; farmer-led initiatives in Shinyanga, Tanzania; paddocks in Mwenezi, Zimbabwe; building on indigenous practices in Turkana, Kenya; the Koumpentoum Entent, Senegal; learning together - forestry developments in Konson, Ethiopia; research in the Mazvihwa, Zimbabwe; Chitemene shifting cultivation, Zambia; alley farming and dairy development in Kenya; the Kenya woodfuel development programme; water harvesting in Yatenga, Kenya; the village afforestation programme in Tanzania; agroforestry outreach in Haiti; co-operative forest management in Guesselbodi, Niger; refugee forestry in Somalia - the "Step" plan; putting trees into non-tree projects in Kenya; the Namm movement in Burkina Faso; project Campfire, Zimbabwe; rapid rural appraisal in Welo, Ethiopia. Part 2 Urban centres: paying the price; urban issues and contexts; goals for urban energy initiatives; soaring prices?; woodfuel markets; towards more efficient markets; trees for the cities; taxing and guarding the forests; managing he forests; community control of the forests; Peri-urban plantations; fuel switching and saving; is the energy transition happening?; fuel switching and urban size; fuel switching and income; fuel prices; fuel switching versus fuel saving; encouraging fuel saving; encouraging fuel switching; foreign fuel switching; foreign exchange constraints?; urban cases; the firewood trade in Gaborone, Botswana; the charcoal trade in Tanzania; the charcoal business in the Sudan; household fuel use and switching in Dar es Salaam; forest taxes in Malawi; successful forest controls in Rwanda.
