Clinical Anatomy of the Head

1. Synopsis of the Skull.- Anthropological Landmarks.- Skull.- Development of the Bones of the Skull.- Fontanelles and Sutures.- Sutural Bones and Synostosis of Sutures.- Craniostenosis.- Thickness and Modelling of the Calvaria.- Skull Base Angle and Skull Length.- Growth of the Median Structures of the Skull and Middle Cranial Fossa.- Growth in the Breadth of the Skull.- Development of the Paranasal Sinuses.- Frontipetal and Occipitopetal Skulls.- 2. Diploic Veins, Meninges and Scalp.- Diploic Veins.- Meningeal Sulci and Meningeal Vessels.- 3. Orbit and Contents.- Synopsis of the Cranial Blood Vessels.- Anterior Aspect of the Orbital Region.- Palpebral Fissure and Adjacent Blood Vessels.- Infraorbital Foramen.- Roof and Walls of the Orbit.- Orbital Contents and the Angle Between the Orbital Opening and Coronal Plane.- Lateral Approach to the Orbit and Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossae.- Fossa Alaris and Protuberances Over the Inferior Frontal, and Middle and Inferior Temporal Gyri.- Lateral Wall of the Orbit.- Orbital Apertures and Fissures of the Lateral Wall of the Orbit.- Lateral Orbital Wall and the Tendinous Ring.- Adjoining Structures of the Lateral Wall of the Orbit.- Intraconic Nerves and Vessels and Medial Wall of the Orbit.- Ethmoidal Foramina.- Medial Wall and Neighboring Structures.- Medial Wall of the Orbit and Superior Oblique Muscle.- and Course of the Ethmoidal Canals.- Course of the Ethmoidal Canals.- 4. Anterior Cranial Fossa, the Approach to the Orbit and the Ethmoid Bone.- Floor of the Anterior Cranial Fossa: Thickness and Blood Supply.- Anterior Cranial Fossa: the Neurosurgical Approach to the Orbit, the Olfactory Fossa and the Pituitary Region.- Paranasal Sinuses and the Roof of the Orbit.- The Hazardous Frontal Bone.- Distances Between the Olfactory Fossa and Adjacent Structures.- Olfactory Fossa and Cribriform Plate.- Olfactory Fibers.- Optic Canal: General.- Unroofing of the Superior Orbital Fissure and Optic Canal.- and Intraconic Nerves of the Optic Canal.- Orbital Contents from Above and the Periorbit.- Aponeurosis of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle.- Intraconic Course of Nerves and Vessels of the Orbit.- Ophthalmic Vein.- Sheaths and Vascular Supply of the Optic Nerves.- 5. The Floor of the Orbit.- Paries Inferior Orbitae.- Orbital Floor and the Roof of the Maxillary Sinus (Blow-out Fractures).- Apex of the Orbit; Angle Between Its Medial and Lateral Walls; Dimensions of the Eyeball.- 6. Pituitary Region and Anterior Cranial Fossa: Approaches via the Cranium.- Middle Cranial Fossa and Pituitary Region: Approach from the Side.- Dural Sinuses and Anastomotic Veins.- Subarachnoid Space and Cerebral Arteries.- Arachnoid Granulations.- Superficial Cerebral Veins and Cortical Branches of the Middle Cerebral Artery.- Superolateral Surface of the Hemisphere, Gyri and Sulci.- Medial Surface of the Hemisphere, Gyri and Sulci and Corpus Callosum.- Orbital Surface of the Frontal Lobe.- Cortical Branches of the Anterior Cerebral Artery.- Median Artery of the Corpus Callosum and Frontal Veins.- Anterior Cranial Fossa.- Situation and Blood Supply of the Dural Olfactory Fossa and Anterior Cranial Fossa.- Branches of the Ethmoidal Arteries.- Postnatal Change in the Cribriform Plate.- The Frontal (and Frontolateral) Approach to the Pituitary Region.- Osteology of the Pituitary Region.- Sella Turcica and Sella Bridges.- Dura Mater of the Pituitary Region.- Diaphragma Sellae.- Superior Hypophyseal Arteries.- 7. Transnasal Approach to the Pituitary Region.- Inferior Hypophyseal Arteries.- Pituitary and Sphenoid Sinus.- Sphenoid Sinus.- Morphological Types and Apertures of the Sphenoid Sinus.- Measurements of the Transnasal Approach to the Pituitary Fossa.- Projections Within the Sphenoid Sinus Caused by Internal Carotid Artery and Various Nerves.- Prominences Within the Sphenoid Sinus.- Location of the Pituitary in the Sella Turcica.- Intracranial Course of the Optic Nerve and Optic Canal.- Optic Canal and Optic Nerve.- Optic Chiasma and Neighboring Structures.- 8. Cisternae and Vessels of the Pituitary and Diencephalom.- Subarachnoid Cavity: General.- Basal Cisternae and the Cisterna Ambiens.- Cisternae and Cerebral Arteries: Relations Between Vessels and Nerves.- Circulus Arteriosus and Diencephalic Branches.- Inferior Diencephalic Branches.- Posterior Diencephalic Branches.- Formation Zone and Course of the Basal Vein.- Cranial Nerves: So-called Glial and Peripheral Segments.- 9. Cavernous Sinus and Trigeminal Ganglion.- The Lateral Wall of the Cavernous Sinus.- Nerves of the Cavernous Sinus.- Trigeminal Impression and Foramina in the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Orientation of the Trigeminal Ganglion in the Cavum Trigeminale.- Cavum Trigeminale and Adjacent Structures.- Sphenopetrosal Ligaments.- The Cavernous Part of the Internal Carotid Artery and Its Branches.- Neighboring Cisternae and Venous Portals of the Cavernous Sinus.- 10. Cerebral Ventricles of the Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossae.- Development of the Brain.- Corpus Callosum and Fornix.- Cavum Septi Pellucidi.- Verga's Ventricle.- Third Ventricle.- Diencephalon and Internal Capsule.- Posterior Choroid Branches.- The Internal Cerebral Vein and Its Tributaries.- Other Veins of the Lateral Ventricle.- Superior Thalamic Veins.- Superior Thalamostriate Vein and Its Tributaries.- 11. Floor and Contents of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Middle Cranial Fossa and Orifices.- Other Foramina of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Postnatal Enlargement of the Foramina Rotundum, Ovale and Spinosum and Shifts in Their Position.- Thick and Thin Zones of the Floor of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Meningeal Grooves of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Floor of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Dural Lining of the Floor of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Ascending Anastomotic Veins.- Arachnoid Granulations and Falx Bones.- Inferior Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere.- Arterial Supply of the Inferior Surface of the Hemisphere.- Arterial Supply of the Inferior Surface of the Hemisphere and Rostral Perforated Substance.- Length, Diameter and Division of the Middle Cerebral Artery.- Vessels Entering the Rostral Perforated Substance and Perfusion of the Brainstem.- Middle Cerebral Artery, Central Branches (Anterolateral Arteries, Anterolateral Thalamostriate Arteries).- Anterior Cerebral Artery, Central Branches (Anteromedial Central Arteries, Anteromedial Thalamostriate Arteries, Long Central Artery, Medial Striate Branches).- Central Cerebral Veins.- Tributaries and Course of the Basal Vein.- Blood Supply and Principal Tracts of the Telencephalon.- Cortical Branches of the Middle Cerebral Artery.- Insula and Insular Veins.- Vascular Supply to the Hippocampus.- Blood Supply to the Cuneus and Precuneus.- The Extradural Approach to the Internal Acoustic Meatus, the Geniculate Ganglion, the Petrosal Nerves and Nerves V2 and V3.- Anterior Surface of the Petrous Temporal Bone.- Petrosal Nerves and Foramina in the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Cisterna Ambiens and Tentorial Notch.- 12. Midbrain and Adjacent Structures.- Mesencephalon.- Interpeduncular Fossa of the Mesencephalon (Nuclei and Dimensions).- Lateral Geniculate Body.- Mesencephalon: Blood Supply and Topography of the Cisterna Ambiens.- Medial Posterior Choroid Branch.- Great Cerebral Vein and Straight Sinus.- Thalamogeniculate Branches.- Posterior Diencephalic Branches.- Trigeminal Nerve Roots and Adjacent Vessels.- Basal Vein: Normal and Dorsal Formation; Tributaries and Outflow.- Minor Tributaries of the Basal Vein.- Tributaries of the Great Cerebral Vein from the Cerebellum.- 13. Posterior Cranial Fossa and Contents.- Tentorial Sinus and Transverse Sinus.- Cerebellar Veins.- Posterior Cranial Fossa: Posterior Part of the Floor.- Posterior Cranial Fossa: Anterior Part of the Floor; Thick and Thin Areas of the Floor.- Jugular Foramen.- Mastoid Emissary Foramen and Meningeal Branches.- Posterior Cranial Fossa and Cerebellum.- Fourth Ventricle.- Rhomboid Fossa.- Nuclear Areas of the Cerebellum and Medulla Oblongata.- Nuclear Areas of the Medulla Oblongata.- Parolivary Fossa (Retro-olivary Area) and Cranial Nerves.- Arteries of the Medulla Oblongata.- Cerebellar Peduncles.- Nuclei of the Cerebellum.- Intracisternal Course of the Lower Cranial Nerves.- Basal Arteries of the Posterior Cranial Fossa.- Locations of the Dural Portals and Postnatal Lateral Shift in the Acoustic Meatus.- Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery and Pontine Branches.- Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery and Superior Cerebellar Artery.- Branches of the Superior Cerebellar Artery and Tentorial Herniae.- Basal Cerebellar Veins.- Tributaries of the Posterior Superior Vein of the Cerebellar Hemisphere.- Petrosal Vein and Supra-infratentorial Anastomoses.- Topography of the Trigeminal Nerve.- Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery.- Lateral Aperture of the Fourth Ventricle.- Postnatal Changes in the Internal Acoustic Meatus and Other Bony Structures.- Internal Acoustic Meatus and Orifice, Lateral Angle of the Petrous Temporal and Orientation of the Sigmoid Sinus.- Subarcuate Artery.- Nerves and Vessels of the Internal Acoustic Meatus.- Internal Acoustic Meatus and Facial Canal.- Blood Supply to the Facial Nerve.- Internal Acoustic Meatus: Postnatal Changes of the Subarcuate Fossa and Fissure for the Endolymphatic Sac.- Median Aperture of the Fourth Ventricle.- 14. Craniocervical Junction.- Development of the Occipital Bone.- Foramen Magnum.- Exterior of Base of Skull.- Variations of the Craniocervical Junction.- Atlas and Axis.- Measurements and Articular Surfaces of the Axis and Atlas.- Craniovertebral Joints (Movements) and Epidural Space.- Internal Vertebral Venous Plexuses.- Squamous Part of the Occipital Bone.- Muscles, Vessels and Nerves of the Neck.- Various Dimensions and Distances of the Cervical Musculature and Bony Landmarks.- Posterior Meningeal Arteries.- Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord.- Dorsal Roots.- Accessory Nerve, Cervical Nerves and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery.- Supporting Structures to the Spinal Cord and Medulla Oblongata.- Ventral Rootlets of the Twelfth Cranial and Upper Two Cervical Nerves.- Variations of the Vertebral Artery.- of the Hypoglossal Canal.- Ventral Aspect of the Medulla Oblongata (Rhomboid Halter).- Nerves and Vessels of the Base of the Skull.- Anterior Aspect and Ligaments of the Craniocervical Junction.- Main Difference of the Ventral Root of the First Cervical Nerve from the Ventral Roots of Other Cervical Nerves.- Cranial Part of the Parapharyngeal Space.- 15. Skull: Data for Computed Tomography.- Orbitomeatal Plane.- Cranial Fossae, Postnatal Changes in Heights and Depths of Certain Parts of Their Floors.- Orbitomeatal Plane.- Tympanic Cavity in the Orbitomeatal Plane (from Below).- Orbitomeatal Plane.- The Pituitary Region in the Orbitomeatal Plane (Circulus Arteriosus and Blood Supply of the Diencephalon).- Orbitomeatal Plane (Blood Supply to Various Parts of the Brain).- Orbitomeatal Plane (Dimensions of the Ventricles of the Brain).- Orbitomeatal Plane (Superior Sagittal Sinus).- Orbitomeatal Plane.- Paramedian Sagittal Sections (Growth of the Skull in the Sagittal Plane).- Paramedian Sagittal Sections.- Paramedian Sagittal Section.- References.