CCNA Routing and Switching Review Guide

Introduction xvii
Chapter 1 Operation of IP Data Networks 1
Operation of IP Data Networks 2
Exam Essentials 3
Recognize the Purpose and Functions of Various Network Devices Such as Routers, Switches, Bridges, and Hubs 3
Exam Essentials 6
Select the Components Required to Meet a Given Network Specification 7
Exam Essentials 9
Identify Common Applications and Their Impact on the Network 9
Exam Essentials 18
Describe the Purpose and Basic Operation of the Protocols in the OSI and TCP/IP Models 18
The Layered Approach 18
Advantages of Reference Models 19
The OSI Reference Model 19
Exam Essentials 32
Predict the Data Flow between Two Hosts across a Network 33
The IP Routing Process 35
Exam Essentials 41
Identify the Appropriate Media, Cables, Ports, and Connectors to Connect Cisco Network Devices to Other Network Devices and Hosts in a LAN 42
Ethernet Cabling 43
Fiber Optic 49
Exam Essentials 50
Review Questions 51
Chapter 2 LAN Switching Technologies 55
Determine the Technology and Media Access Control Method for Ethernet Networks 57
CSMA/CD 57
Half- and Full-Duplex Ethernet 59
Exam Essentials 61
Identify Basic Switching Concepts and the Operation of Cisco Switches 61
Collision Domains 61
Broadcast Domains 63
Types of Switching 64
CAM Table 64
Exam Essentials 67
Configure and Verify Initial Switch Configuration Including Remote Access Management 68
Cisco IOS Commands to Perform Basic Switch Setup 68
Entering the CLI 69
Overview of IOS Modes 69
CLI Prompts 70
Editing and Help Features 72
Administrative Configurations 77
Exam Essentials 87
Verify Network Status and Switch Operation Using Basic Utilities Such as Ping, Telnet, and SSH 89
ping Command 89
traceroute Command 90
Debugging 91
show processes Command 93
Exam Essentials 94
Identify Enhanced Switching Technologies 94
RSTP 94
PVSTP 97
Etherchannels 98
Exam Essentials 100
Describe How VLANs Create Logically Separate Networks and the Need for Routing between Them 100
Broadcast Control 102
Explain Network Segmentation and Basic Traffic Management Concepts 103
Frame Tagging 104
VLAN Identification Methods 106
Exam Essentials 107
Configure and Verify VLANs 107
Assigning Switch Ports to VLANs 110
Exam Essentials 112
Configure and Verify Trunking on Cisco Switches 112
Defining the Allowed VLANs on a Trunk 114
Changing or Modifying the Trunk Native VLAN 115
DTP 116
Auto Negotiation 116
Exam Essentials 118
Configure and Verify PVSTP Operation 118
Describe Root Bridge Election 124
Spanning Tree Mode 130
Exam Essentials 131
Review Questions 132
Chapter 3 IP Addressing (IPv4 / IPv6) 135
Describe the Operation and Necessity of Using Private and Public IP Addresses for IPv4 Addressing 136
IP Terminology 136
The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme 137
Private IP Addresses (RFC 1918) 142
IPv4 Address Types 143
Exam Essentials 143
Identify the Appropriate IPv6 Addressing Scheme to Satisfy Addressing Requirements in a LAN/WAN Environment 143
Shortened Expression 144
Exam Essentials 145
Identify the Appropriate IPv4 Addressing Scheme Using VLSM and Summarization to Satisfy Addressing Requirements in a LAN/WAN Environment 145
VLSM Design 147
Implementing VLSM Networks 147
Exam Essentials 148
Describe the Technological Requirements for Running IPv6 in Conjunction with IPv4 Such as Dual Stack 150
Dual Stacking (ISATAP) 152
6to4 Tunneling 153
IPv6 Routing 154
Exam Essentials 156
Describe IPv6 Addresses 156
Global Unicast 156
Multicast 157
Link Local 157
Unique Local 157
eui 64 157
autoconfiguration 159
Exam Essentials 160
Review Questions 161
Chapter 4 IP Routing Technologies 163
Describe Basic Routing Concepts 166
Packet Forwarding 168
Router Lookup Process 169
Exam Essentials 169
Describe the Boot Process of Cisco IOS Routers 169
POST 170
Router Bootup Process 170
Exam Essentials 170
Configure and Verify Utilizing the CLI to Set Basic Router Configuration 171
Entering the CLI 171
Overview of Router Modes 171
CLI Prompts 172
Cisco IOS Commands to Perform Basic Router Setup 174
Encrypting Your Passwords 182
Descriptions 184
Exam Essentials 185
Configure and Verify Operation Status of a Device Interface, Both Serial and Ethernet 186
Bringing Up an Interface 189
Exam Essentials 194
Verify Router Configuration and Network Connectivity 195
Cisco IOS Commands to Review Basic Router Information and Network Connectivity 195
Exam Essentials 205
Configure and Verify Routing Configuration for a Static or Default Route Given Specific Routing Requirements 205
Static Routing 206
Default Routing 207
Exam Essentials 208
Manage Cisco IOS Files 208
Boot Preferences 209
Cisco IOS Image(s) 215
Licensing 220
Exam Essentials 226
Differentiate Methods of Routing and Routing Protocols 227
Static vs. Dynamic 227
Link State vs. Distance Vector 228
Administrative Distance 228
Split Horizon 229
Metric 229
Next Hop 229
IP Routing Table 230
Passive Interfaces 230
Exam Essentials 230
Configure and Verify OSPF (Single Area) 231
Benefit of Single Area 235
Neighbor Adjacencies 235
OSPF States 236
Discuss Multi Area 238
Configure OSPF v2 238
Configure OSPF v3 243
Router ID 244
Passive Interface 245
LSA Types 245
Exam Essentials 246
Configure and Verify EIGRP (Single AS) 246
Feasible Distance / Feasible Successors / Administrative Distance 250
Feasibility Condition 250
Metric Composition 250
Router ID 251
Auto Summary 251
Path Selection 251
Load Balancing 252
Passive Interface 253
Exam Essentials 253
Configure and Verify InterVLAN Routing (Router on a Stick) 254
Sub Interfaces 258
Upstream Routing 258
Encapsulation 259
Exam Essentials 260
Configure SVI Interfaces 260
Exam Essentials 261
Review Questions 262
Chapter 5 IP Services 265
Configure and Verify DHCP (IOS Router) 267
Configuring Router Interfaces to Use DHCP 268
DHCP Options 268
Excluded Addresses 269
Lease Time 269
Exam Essentials 269
Describe the Types, Features, and Applications of ACLs 269
Standard 270
Extended 271
Named 271
Numbered 271
Log Option 272
Exam Essentials 272
Configure and Verify ACLs in a Network Environment 272
Named 273
Log Option 274
Exam Essentials 275
Identify the Basic Operation of NAT 276
Purpose 276
Pool 277
Static 277
1 to 1 278
Overloading 278
Source Addressing 278
One Way NAT 279
Exam Essentials 280
Configure and Verify NAT for Given Network Requirements 280
Static NAT Configuration 280
Dynamic NAT Configuration 281
PAT (Overloading) Configuration 282
Simple Verification of NAT 282
Exam Essentials 283
Configure and Verify NTP as a Client 285
Exam Essentials 286
Recognize High Availability (FHRP) 287
VRRP 289
HSRP 289
GLBP 293
Exam Essentials 296
Configure and Verify Syslog 296
Utilize Syslog Output 298
Exam Essentials 301
Describe SNMP v2 & v3 301
Exam Essentials 303
Review Questions 304
Chapter 6 Network Device Security 307
Configure and Verify Network Device Security Features 309
Device Password Security 309
Enable Secret vs. Enable Password 309
Transport 311
Disable Telnet 311
SSH 311
VTYs 313
Physical Security 314
Service Password 314
Describe External Authentication Methods 315
Exam Essentials 316
Configure and Verify Switch Port Security Features 316
Sticky MAC 318
MAC Address Limitation 318
Static/Dynamic 319
Violation Modes 319
Protect Restrict 320
Shutdown Unused Ports 320
Err Disable Recovery 320
Assign Unused Ports to an Unused VLAN 321
Setting Native VLAN to Other than VLAN 1 321
Exam Essentials 321
Configure and Verify ACLs to Filter Network Traffic 322
Exam Essentials 335
Configure and Verify ACLs to Limit Telnet and SSH Access to the Router 335
Exam Essentials 336
Review Questions 337
Chapter 7 Troubleshooting 341
Identify and Correct Common Network Problems 344
Exam Essentials 355
Utilize Netflow Data 355
Exam Essentials 357
Troubleshoot and Correct Common Problems Associated with IP Addressing and Host Configurations 358
Exam Essentials 361
Troubleshoot and Resolve VLAN Problems 362
Identify That VLANs Are Configured 362
Port Membership Correct 363
IP Address Configured 364
Exam Essentials 364
Troubleshoot and Resolve Trunking Problems on Cisco Switches 365
Correct Trunk States 365
Correct Encapsulation Configured 366
Correct VLANs Allowed 367
Exam Essentials 367
Troubleshoot and Resolve Spanning Tree Operation Issues 368
Root Switch 368
Priority 369
Mode Is Correct 370
Port States 370
Exam Essentials 370
Troubleshoot and Resolve Routing Issues 371
Routing Is Enabled 371
Routing Table Is Correct 372
Correct Path Selection 372
Exam Essentials 374
Troubleshoot and Resolve OSPF Problems 374
Neighbor Adjacencies 378
Hello and Dead Timers 378
OSPF Area 378
Interface MTU 380
Network Types 380
Exam Essentials 381
Troubleshoot and Resolve EIGRP Problems 381
Neighbor Adjacencies 386
AS Number 388
Load Balancing 389
Split Horizon 391
Exam Essentials 393
Troubleshoot and Resolve InterVLAN Routing Problems 393
Connectivity 393
Encapsulation 398
Subnet 399
Native VLAN 400
Port Mode Trunk Status 400
Exam Essentials 402
Troubleshoot and Resolve ACL Issues 402
Statistics 404
Permitted Networks 404
Direction 405
Exam Essentials 405
Troubleshoot and Resolve WAN Implementation Issues 405
Serial Interfaces 407
PPP 407
Frame Relay 411
Exam Essentials 418
Troubleshoot and Resolve Layer 1 Problems 418
Verifying Your Network 418
Verifying Your Interfaces 420
Framing 425
CRC 425
Runts 425
Giants 425
Dropped Packets 425
Late Collision 425
Input / Output Errors 426
Verifying Interface Configuration 426
Exam Essentials 429
Monitor NetFlow Statistics 429
Exam Essentials 431
Troubleshoot EtherChannel Problems 431
Exam Essentials 434
Review Questions 435
Chapter 8 WAN Technologies 439
Identify Different WAN Technologies 440
Common WAN Protocols 441
VPN 443
Exam Essentials 444
Configure and Verify a Basic WAN Serial Connection 444
Exam Essentials 446
Configure and Verify a PPP Connection between Cisco Routers 446
Configuring PPP on Cisco Routers 446
Configuring PPP Authentication 446
Verifying and Troubleshooting Serial Links 447
Exam Essentials 452
Configure and Verify Frame Relay on Cisco Routers 452
Frame Relay Bandwidth 453
Frame Relay Implementation and Monitoring 456
Troubleshooting Frame Relay Networks 463
Exam Essentials 467
Implement and Troubleshoot PPPoE 467
Exam Essentials 468
Review Questions 469
Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 473
Chapter 1: Operation of IP Data Networks 474
Chapter 2: LAN Switching Technologies 475
Chapter 3: IP Addressing (IPv4 / IPv6) 475
Chapter 4: IP Routing Technologies 476
Chapter 5: IP Services 477
Chapter 6: Network Device Security 478
Chapter 7: Troubleshooting 479
Chapter 8: WAN Technologies 480
Appendix B About the Additional Study Tools 483
Additional Study Tools 484
Test Engine 484
Electronic Flashcards 484
PDF of Glossary of Terms 484
Adobe Reader 484
System Requirements 485
Using the Study Tools 485
Troubleshooting 485
Customer Care 486
Index 487