The Human Sense of Smell

1 Anatomy, Physiology and Chemistry.- 1. The Ultrastructure of the Human Olfactory Mucosa.- I Introduction.- II The biopsy technique.- III Ultrastructure of the human nasal mucosa.- IV Comparative anatomy of microvillar cells from different chemosensory neuroepithelia.- V The histopathology of olfactory dysfunction.- VI Summary.- References.- 2. Anatomy of the Human Olfactory Bulb and Central Olfactory Pathways.- I Introduction.- II Central olfactory components.- III Anterior olfactory nucleus.- IV Olfactory tubercle.- V Primary olfactory cortex.- VI Connections of the primary olfactory cortex.- VII Beyond the primary olfactory cortex.- VIII Neocortical projections.- IX Subcortical projections.- X Functional Organization of the olfactory system.- XI Summary.- References.- 3. Physiology of Olfactory Reception and Transduction: General Principles.- I Introduction.- II Cellular Organization of the olfactory mucosa.- III Sensory transduction.- IV Action potential initiation and transmission.- V Summary and conclusions: emerging first principles.- References.- 4. Molecular Structure and Smell.- I Introduction.- II Structure - odor relationships.- III Structure - odor relationships for musky odorants.- IV Structure - odor relationships for sandalwood odorants.- V Structure - odor relationships for bell pepper odorants.- VI Conclusion.- References.- 2 Measurement of Olfactory Responses.- 5. Psychophysical Measurement of Odor Perception in Humans.- I Introduction.- II Odor quality Classification.- III Measurement of absolute olfactory sensitivity.- IV Measurement of suprathreshold olfactory function.- V Sensory attribute scaling.- VI Subject factors which influence olfactory test measures...- VII Overview.- References.- 6. Human Electro-Olfactograms and Brain Responses to Olfactory Stimulation.- I Introduction.- II Stimulation.- III The human electro-olfactogram.- IV The human olfactory evoked potential.- I Summary.- References.- 3 Development and Senescence.- 7. Olfactory Function in Neonates.- I Introduction.- II Olfaction in the neonate.- III Summary and conclusions.- References.- 8. Olfactory Preferences in Children and Adults.- I Introduction.- II The origins of olfactory preferences.- III Developmental changes in olfactory preferences: Older children and adults.- IV Discussion.- V Conclusions.- References.- 9. Influences of Aging on Human Olfactory Function.- I Introduction.- II Age-related changes in olfactory perception.- III Physiological basis for age-related changes in odor perception.- IV Summary and questions for the future.- References.- 4 Basic Characteristics of Human Olfaction.- 10. Olfactory Adaptation.- I Introduction.- II Effects of adaptation on the olfactory threshold.- III Effects of adaptation on perceived intensity.- IV Effects of adaptation on reaction times.- V Physiological measurements of adaptation.- VI Discussion.- References.- 11. Memory for Odors.- I Introduction.- II Odor-evoked memory.- III Odorimagery.- IV Different forms of memory.- V Episodic odor memory.- VI Odor identification.- VII Conclusions.- Reference.- 12. Characteristics of the Human Sense of Smell when Processing Odor Mixtures.- I Introduction.- II Phenomena observed with odor mixtures.- III What do we smell in mixtures?.- IV Role of cognitive factors in mixture perception.- V Predicting the odor intensity of mixtures.- VI Mechanisms of mixture perception.- VII Summary.- References.- 13. Comparison of Odor Perception in Humans and Animals.- I Introduction.- II Olfactory sensitivity.- III Suprathreshold intensity.- IV Odor quality perception.- V Summary and conclusions.- References.- 5 Clinical and Health Aspects of Olfaction.- 14. Olfactory Dysfunction.- I Introduction.- II Evaluation of smell complaints.- III Psychophysical measurement in a clinical setting.- IV Frequent causes of olfactory dysfunction.- V Conclusions.- References.- 15. Epidemiology and its Application to Olfactory Dysfunction.- I Introduction.- II Epidemiologie principles.- III Application of epidemiologic principles to studies of olfactory dysfunction.- IV Risk factors for olfactory dysfunction.- V Research issues and direction.- VI Summary and conclusions.- References.- 16. Influence of Drugs on Smell Function.- I Introduction.- II The physiological basis of drug actions on olfaction.- III Norepinephrine in the olfactory bulb.- IV Summary.- References.- 17. Effects of Odors on Mood and Behavior: Aromatherapy and Related Effects.- I Introduction.- II Belief in the effects of odors on mood.- III Historical meaning of aromatherapy.- IV Potential mechanisms for an influence of smell on mood.- V Measurement of mood changes to odors.- VI Unresolved issues and future directions.- References.