WelcometoRotterdamandtotheInternationalConferenceSafecomp2000,on thereliability,safetyandsecurityofcriticalcomputerapplications. Thisalready marksthe19thyearoftheconference,showingtheundiminishedinterestthe topicelicitsfrombothacademiaandindustry. Safecomphasproventobean excellentplacetomeetandhavediscussions,andwehopethistrendcontinues thisyear. Peopleandorganisationsdependmoreandmoreonthefunctioningofc- puters. Whetherinhouseholdequipment,telecommunicationsystems,o?ce- plications,banking,peoplemovers,processcontrolormedicalsystems,theoft- embeddedcomputersubsystemsaremeanttoletthehostingsystemrealiseits intendedfunctions. Theassuranceofproperfunctioningofcomputersin- pendableapplicationsisfarfromobvious. Themillenniumstartedwiththebug andthefullendorsementoftheframeworkstandardIEC61508. Thevariety ofdependablecomputerapplicationsincreasesdaily,andsodoesthevarietyof risksrelatedtotheseapplications. Theassessmentoftheserisksthereforeneeds re?ectionandpossiblynewapproaches. Thisyear'sSafecompprovidesabroad mixofpapersontheseissues,onprogressmadeindi?erentapplicationdomains andonemergingchallenges. Oneofthespecialtopicsthisyearistransportandinfrastructure. Onewould behardpressedto?ndabetterplacetodiscussthisthaninRotterdam.
The reliability,safetyandsecurityofcomputersisofprominentimportancetoRott- dam,asafewexamplesillustrate. Itsharbourdependsonthereliablefunctioning ofcontainerhandlingsystems,onthesafefunctioningofitsradarsystems,and, asofrecently,onthesafeandreliablefunctioningoftheenormousstormsurge barrieratHoekvanHolland. AnewtopicforSafecompis medicalsystems. Theseprogressivelydepend on-embedded-programmableelectronicsystems. Experienceshowsthatthe medicalworldlacksthemethodsforapplyingthesesystemssafelyandreliably. Wewelcomeagroupofpeoplereadytodiscussthistopic,andhope,bydoing so,tocontributetothis?eldofapplicationsofsafe,reliableandsecuresystems. SoftwareprocessimprovementalsorepresentsaspecialtopicofSafecomp 2000. Itprovedtobethemostfruitfulofthethreeintermsofsubmittedpapers. Thereweremanycontributionsfromahostofcountries,whichhadtobespread amongstdi?erentsessiontopics. WewishtothanktheInternationalProgramCommittee'smembers,41in total,fortheire?ortsinreviewingthepapersandfortheirvaluableadvicein organisingthisconference. Wearealsogratefulfortheircontributiontod- tributingcallsforpapersandannouncements. Withouttheirhelptheburdenof organisingthisconferencewouldhavebeenmuchgreater.
VI Preface Finally,letusonceagainwelcomeyoutoRotterdam,atrulyinternational cityandhometopeopleofmanynationalities. Wehopeyoutakethetimenot onlytoenjoythisconference,butalsoto?ndyourwayaroundthecity,sinceit surelyhasmuchtoo?er. FloorKoornneef MeinevanderMeulen Table of Contents InvitedPaper TheTenMostPowerfulPrinciplesforQualityin(Softwareand) SoftwareOrganizationsforDependableSystems...1 TomGilb Veri?cationandValidation EmpiricalAssessmentofSoftwareOn-LineDiagnostics UsingFaultInjection...14 JohnNapier,JohnMayandGordonHughes Speeding-UpFaultInjectionCampaignsinVHDLModels...27 B. Parrotta,M. Rebaudengo,M. SonzaReordaandM. Violante Speci?cationandVeri?cationofaSafetyShellwithStatechartsand ExtendedTimedGraphs...37 JanvanKatwijk,HansToetenel,Abd-El-KaderSahraoui,EricAnderson andJanuszZalewski ValidationofControlSystemSpeci?cationswithAbstractPlantModels...53 WenhuiZhang AConstantPerturbationMethodforEvaluation ofStructuralDiversityinMultiversionSoftware...63 LupingChen,JohnMayandGordonHughes ExpertError:TheCaseofTrouble-ShootinginElectronics...74 DenisBesnard TheSafetyManagementofData-DrivenSafety-RelatedSystems ...86 A. G. Faulkner,P. A. Bennett,R. H. Pierce,I. H. A. Johnston andN.
Storey SoftwareSupportforIncidentReportingSystems inSafety-CriticalApplications...96 ChrisJohnson SoftwareProcessImprovement ADependability-ExplicitModelfortheDevelopment ofComputingSystems...107 MohamedKaan iche,Jean-ClaudeLaprieandJean-PaulBlanquart VIII Table ofContents DerivingQuanti?edSafetyRequirementsinComplexSystems ...117 PeterA. Lindsay,JohnA. McDermidandDavidJ. Tombs ImprovingSoftwareDevelopmentbyUsing SafeObjectOrientedDevelopment:OTCD...131 XavierM'ehautandPierreMor'ere ASafetyLicensablePESforSIL4Applications...141 WolfgangA. Halang,PeterVogrinandMatja?zColnari?c SafetyandSecurityIssuesinElectricPowerIndustry ...151 ? Zdzis lawZurakowski DependabilityofComputerControlSystemsinPowerPlants ...165 Cl'audiaAlmeida,AlbertoArazo,YvesCrouzetandKaramaKanoun AMethodofAnalysisofFaultTreeswithTimeDependencies ...176 JanMagottandPawe lSkrobanek Formal Methods AFormalMethodsCaseStudy:UsingLight-WeightVDM fortheDevelopmentofaSecuritySystemModule...187 GeorgDroschl,WalterKuhn,GeraldSonneckandMichaelThuswald FormalMethods:TheProblemIsEducation...198 ThierryScheurer FormalMethodsDi?usion:PastLessonsandFutureProspects...211 R. Bloom?eld,D. Craigen,F. Koob,M. UllmannandS.
Wittmann InvitedPaper SafeTech:AControlOrientedViewpoint...227 MaartenSteinbuch SafetyGuidelines,StandardsandCerti?cation DerivationofSafetyTargetsfortheRandomFailure ofProgrammableVehicleBasedSystems...240 RichardEvansandJonathanMo?ett IEC61508-ASuitableBasisfortheCerti?cation ofSafety-CriticalTransport-InfrastructureSystems??...250 DerekFowlerandPhilBennett Table of Contents IX HardwareAspects AnApproachtoSoftwareAssistedRecovery fromHardwareTransientFaultsforRealTimeSystems...264 D. BasuandR. Paramasivam ProgrammableElectronicSystemDesign&Veri?cationUtilizingDFM...275 MichelHoutermans,GeorgeApostolakis,AarnoutBrombacher andDimitriosKarydas SIMATICS7-400F/FH:Safety-RelatedProgrammableLogicController...286 AndreasSchenk SafetyAssessmentI AssessmentoftheReliabilityofFault-TolerantSoftware: ABayesianApproach...294 BevLittlewood,PeterPopovandLorenzoStrigini EstimatingDependabilityofProgrammableSystemsUsingBBNs...309 BjornAxelGran,GustavDahll,SiegfriedEisinger,EivindJ. Lund, JanGerhardNorstrom,PeterStrockaandBrittJ. Ystanes DesignforSafety ImprovementsinProcessControlDependability throughInternetSecurityTechnology...321 FerdinandJ.
Dafelmair ASurveyonSafety-CriticalMulticastNetworking ...333 JamesS. PascoeandR. J. Loader InvitedPaper CausalReasoningaboutAircraftAccidents...344 PeterB. Ladkin Transport&Infrastructure ControllingRequirementsEvolution:AnAvionicsCaseStudy...361 StuartAndersonandMassimoFelici HAZOPAnalysisofFormalModels ofSafety-CriticalInteractiveSystems...
Invited Paper.- The Ten Most Powerful Principles for Quality in (Software and) Software Organizations for Dependable Systems.- Verification and Validation.- Empirical Assessment of Software On-Line Diagnostics Using Fault Injection.- Speeding-Up Fault Injection Campaigns in VHDL Models.- Specification and Verification of a Safety Shell with Statecharts and Extended Timed Graphs.- Validation of Control System Specifications with Abstract Plant Models.- A Constant Perturbation Method for Evaluation of Structural Diversity in Multiversion Software.- Expert Error: The Case of Trouble-Shooting in Electronics.- The Safety Management of Data-Driven Safety-Related Systems.- Software Support for Incident Reporting Systems in Safety-Critical Applications.- Software Process Improvement.- A Dependability-Explicit Model for the Development of Computing Systems.- Deriving Quantified Safety Requirements in Complex Systems.- Improving Software Development by Using Safe Object Oriented Development : OTCD.- A Safety Licensable PES for SIL 4 Applications.- Safety and Security Issues in Electric Power Industry.- Dependability of Computer Control Systems in Power Plants.- A Method of Analysis of Fault Trees with Time Dependencies.- Formal Methods.- A Formal Methods Case Study: Using Light-Weight VDM for the Development of a Security System Module.- Formal Methods: The Problem Is Education.- Formal Methods Diffusion: Past Lessons and Future Prospects.- Invited Paper.- Safe Tech: A Control Oriented Viewpoint.- Safety Guidelines, Standards and Certification.- Derivation of Safety Targets for the Random Failure of Programmable Vehicle Based Systems.- IEC 61508 - A Suitable Basis for the Certification of Safety-Critical Transport-Infrastructure Systems ??.- Hardware Aspects.- An Approach toSoftware Assisted Recovery from Hardware Transient Faults for Real Time Systems.- Programmable Electronic System Design & Verification Utilizing DFM.- SIMATIC S7-400F/FH: Safety-Related Programmable Logic Controller.- Safety Assessment I.- Assessment of the Reliability of Fault-Tolerant Software: A Bayesian Approach.- Estimating Dependability of Programmable Systems Using BBNs.- Design for Safety.- Improvements in Process Control Dependability through Internet Security Technology.- A Survey on Safety-Critical Multicast Networking.- Invited Paper.- Causal Reasoning about Aircraft Accidents.- Transport & Infrastructure.- Controlling Requirements Evolution: An Avionics Case Study.- HAZOP Analysis of Formal Models of Safety-Critical Interactive Systems.- Failure Mode and Effect Analysis for Safety-Critical Systems with Software Components.- Safety Assessment II.- Risk Ordering of States in Safecharts.- Dependability Evaluation: Model and Method Based on Activity Theory.- Forensic Software Engineering and the Need for New Approaches to Accident Investigation.
